中国电气工程学报（英文）

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1. Review of Inductance Identification Methods Considering Inverter Nonlinearity for PMSM^*

Qiwei Wang, Jiqing Xue, Gaolin Wang, Yihua Hu, Dianguo Xu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 1-15. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000046

摘要（2147）

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Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in high-power-density and flexible control methods. Generally, the inductance changes significantly in real-time machine operations because of magnetic saturation and coupling effects. Therefore, the identification of inductance is crucial for PMSM control. Existing inductance identification methods are primarily based on the voltage source inverter (VSI), making inverter nonlinearity one of the main error sources in inductance identification. To improve the accuracy of inductance identification, it is necessary to compensate for the inverter nonlinearity effect. In this study, an overview of the PMSM inductance identification and the related inverter nonlinearity self-learning methods are presented.

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2. Overview of Torque Ripple Minimization Methods for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Harmonic Injection^*

Peng Yi, Wenzhi Zheng, Xianglin Li

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 16-29. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000045

摘要（635）

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Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used because of their high power/torque density and high efficiency, particularly in applications with strict requirements for arrangement space or weight, such as in the electric vehicle (EV) and aerospace fields. Recently, the PMSM torque ripple problem has received increasing interest because PMSM drive requirements continuously improve. For applications with complex transmission and a wide speed range, torque ripple can easily cause system resonance, which deteriorates the driving performance. The research status and latest progress in the minimization of PMSM torque ripple based on harmonic injection are discussed. First, the causes of PMSM torque ripple are analyzed. Subsequently, the research status of the PMSM analytical model is introduced, and multiple current harmonic control and optimization methods are described in detail. Finally, future development trends in this field are analyzed.

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3. Wavelet Synchro-squeezing Transform and Dynamic Threshold Supported Symmetrical Power Swing Technique for Modern Transmission Network

Monalisa Biswal, Kumar Raja Andanapalli, Papia Ray

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 30-43. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000064

摘要（604）

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Distance relays are prone to symmetrical power swing phenomenon. To mitigate this issue, a dynamic threshold-supported algorithm is proposed. A single logic is not supposed to be secure for all cases. Thus, a supervisory algorithm, as proposed in this study, can aid in the improvement of the immunity of the relay during swing cases and be sensitive to symmetrical faults. In the developed stages, a three-phase power signal was used and processed in two different steps: (i) extraction of the effective intrinsic mode function (IMF) selected from the Kurtosis analysis using the wavelet synchro-squeezing transform, and (ii) estimation of the average Euclidean distance index using the absolute values of the decomposed IMF’s. The adaptive threshold facilitated resistance to swing situations. At the onset of a symmetrical fault, the proposed algorithm efficiently discriminated among events using a dynamic threshold. The IEEE 39-bus test system and Indian Eastern Power Grid networks were modelled using PSCAD software, and cases were generated to test the efficacy of the method. The impact of the proposed method on a large-scale wind farm was also evaluated. A comparative analysis with other existing methods revealed the security and dependability of the proposed method.

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4. Research on Distributed Coordination Control Method for Microgrid System Based on Finite-time Event-triggered Consensus Algorithm^*

Lizhen Wu, Heng Yang, Jianping Wei, Wendong Jiang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 103-115. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000053

摘要（395）

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Microgrids are networked control systems with multiple distributed generators (DGs). Microgrids are associated with many problems, such as communication delays, high sampling rates, and frequent controller updates, which make it challenging to realize coordination control among the DGs. Therefore, finite-time consensus algorithms and event-triggered control methods are combined to propose a distributed coordination control method for microgrid systems. The DG in the microgrid system serves as an agent node in the control network, and a distributed secondary controller is designed using finite-time consensus algorithm, such that the frequency and voltage restoration control has a faster convergence time and better anti-interference performance. The event-triggered function was designed based on the state information of the agents. The controller exchanges the state information at the trigger instants. System stability is analyzed using the Lyapunov stability theory, and it is verified that the controller cannot exhibit the Zeno phenomenon in the event-triggered process. A simulation platform was developed in Matlab/Simulink to verify that the proposed control method can effectively reduce the frequency of controller updates during communication delays and the burden on the communication network.

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5. Physics Informed Neural Network-based High-frequency Modeling of Induction Motors

Zhenyu Zhao, Fei Fan, Quqin Sun, Huamin Jie, Zhou Shu, Wensong Wang, Kye Yak See

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 30-38. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000036

摘要（394）

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The high-frequency (HF) modeling of induction motors plays a key role in predicting the motor terminal overvoltage and conducted emissions in a motor drive system. In this study, a physics informed neural network-based HF modeling method, which has the merits of high accuracy, good versatility, and simple parameterization, is proposed. The proposed model of the induction motor consists of a three-phase equivalent circuit with eighteen circuit elements per phase to ensure model accuracy. The per phase circuit structure is symmetric concerning its phase-start and phase-end points. This symmetry enables the proposed model to be applicable for both star- and delta-connected induction motors without having to recalculate the circuit element values when changing the motor connection from star to delta and vice versa. Motor physics knowledge, namely per-phase impedances, are used in the artificial neural network to obtain the values of the circuit elements. The parameterization can be easily implemented within a few minutes using a common personal computer (PC). Case studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed HF modeling method.

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6. Overview of Planar Magnetics for High-frequency Resonant Converters^*

Yue Liu, Yufeng Song, Dingfan Hu, Yang Li, Zuoqian Zhang, Hongfei Wu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 61-78. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000039

摘要（394）

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With the continuous development of power supplies toward miniaturization, light weights, and high levels of integration, research on high-frequency resonant conversion based on planar magnetics is becoming extensive. Combining the soft-switching characteristics of resonant converters with those of wide bandgap devices, the switching frequency can be increase to the MHz range, and the power density of the entire system can be improved considerably. However, higher switching frequencies impose new requirements for the structural design, loss distribution, and common mode (CM) noise suppression of passive magnetic components. Herein, a thorough survey of the-state-of-the-art of planar magnetics in high-frequency resonant converters is conducted. Printed circuit board winding-based planar magnetics, magnetic integration, and power-loss optimization strategies are summarized in detail. Suppression methods for CM noise in high-frequency planar magnetics are also clarified and discussed. An insight view into the future development of planar magnetics for high-frequency resonant converters is presented.

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7. Design to Improve Thrust Force Performance of Dual-side Primary Permanent-magnet Vernier Linear Motor^*

Jinghua Ji, Xuhui Zhu, Hongyu Tang, Liang Xu, Wenxiang Zhao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (2): 1-13. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000005

摘要（322）

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A novel dual-side primary permanent-magnet vernier linear (DS-PPMVL) motors is proposed. The novelty of the proposed motors is the design of asymmetric consequent poles on the mover, which can effectively enforce the flux-modulation effect and improve the thrust force performance. First, the topologies and operation principle are introduced. Subsequently, the structure relationships between the existing and proposed motors are discussed. Then, a unified analytical model is built. Accordingly, the magnetic field generated by the consequent pole is calculated. Meanwhile, the performance improvement mechanism with the asymmetric consequent pole is analyzed. To improve the efficiency of motor optimization, multi-objective optimization method is adopted to obtain the global optimal solution combination of structure parameters. The proposed motors exhibit higher thrust force, higher force density, less PM consumption, and better overload performance than the existing DS-PPMVL motor. Finally, experiments are conducted based on the existing prototype to verify the accuracy of the design and analysis.

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8. Interictal Electrophysiological Source Imaging Based on Realistic Epilepsy Head Model in Presurgical Evaluation: A Prospective Study^*

Ruowei Qu, Zhaonan Wang, Shifeng Wang, Le Wang, Alan Wang, Guizhi Xu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 61-70. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000012

摘要（314）

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Invasive techniques are becoming increasingly important in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Adopting the electrophysiological source imaging (ESI) of interictal scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to localize the epileptogenic zone remains a challenge. The accuracy of the preoperative localization of the epileptogenic zone is key to curing epilepsy. The T1 MRI and the boundary element method were used to build the realistic head model. To solve the inverse problem, the distributed inverse solution and equivalent current dipole (ECD) methods were employed to locate the epileptogenic zone. Furthermore, a combination of inverse solution algorithms and Granger causality connectivity measures was evaluated. The ECD method exhibited excellent focalization in lateralization and localization, achieving a coincidence rate of 99.02% (p<0.05) with the stereo electroencephalogram. The combination of ECD and the directed transfer function led to excellent matching between the information flow obtained from intracranial and scalp EEG recordings. The ECD inverse solution method showed the highest performance and could extract the discharge information at the cortex level from noninvasive low-density EEG data. Thus, the accurate preoperative localization of the epileptogenic zone could reduce the number of intracranial electrode implantations required.

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9. Defect Detection in c-Si Photovoltaic Modules via Transient Thermography and Deconvolution Optimization^*

Zekai Shen, Hanqi Dai, Hongwei Mei, Yanxin Tu, Liming Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (1): 3-11. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000043

摘要（313）

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Defects may occur in photovoltaic (PV) modules during production and long-term use, thereby threatening the safe operation of PV power stations. Transient thermography is a promising defect detection technology; however, its detection is limited by transverse thermal diffusion. This phenomenon is particularly noteworthy in the panel glasses of PV modules. A dynamic thermography testing method via transient thermography and Wiener filtering deconvolution optimization is proposed. Based on the time-varying characteristics of the point spread function, the selection rules of the first-order difference image for deconvolution are given. Samples with a broken grid and artificial cracks were tested to validate the performance of the optimization method. Compared with the feature images generated by traditional methods, the proposed method significantly improved the visual quality. Quantitative defect size detection can be realized by combining the deconvolution optimization method with adaptive threshold segmentation. For the same batch of PV products, the detection error could be controlled to within 10%.

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10. Design and Manufacture of Dual-gate DDSCR with High Failure Current and Holding Voltage^*

Xingtao Bao, Yang Wang, Yujie Liu, Xiangliang Jin

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 116-125. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000061

摘要（311）

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High-voltage controller area network (CAN) buses have a harsh working environment and require a robust electrostatic discharge (ESD) design window. Thus, ordinary silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) devices do not satisfy these design requirements. To streamline the design and manufacturing of SCRs, this study proposes a novel dual-gate dual-direction SCR (DG-DDSCR) with a high failure current and holding voltage. First, four polysilicon gates, Gate_A1, Gate_A2, Gate_C1, and Gate_C2, were introduced to the N+ and P+ middle regions of the anode and cathode. When the voltage acts on the anode, the electric field generated by the polysilicon gate strengthens the SCR current path while promoting the release of ESD current in the substrate path. Specifically, the holding voltage of the DG-DDSCR and failure current derived from the test results of a transmission line pulse (TLP) are 29.4 V and 16.7 A, respectively. When the clamping voltage was 40 V, the transient current release of the structure can reach 11.61 A, which met the specifications of the CAN bus ESD window and was suitable for the ESD protection of the target application.

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11. Investigation of Eccentric PM on High-frequency Vibration in FSCW PM Machine Considering Force Modulation Effect^*

Jinghua Ji, Weizhi Jiang, Wenxiang Zhao, Tong Liu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 59-69. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000063

摘要（303）

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This study investigates the negative influence of an eccentric permanent-magnet (PM) design on high-frequency electromagnetic vibration in fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) PM machines. First, an analytical expression for the sideband current harmonics was derived using the double Fourier series expansion method. Then, the characteristics of the flux-density harmonics are studied from the perspective of the space-time distribution and initial phase relationship. The influence of the eccentric PM design on high-frequency electromagnetic and concentrated forces was studied based on the electromagnetic force modulation effect. Consequently, an eccentric PM design is not conducive to reducing the 2p^th-order high-frequency electromagnetic forces. Finally, two FSCW PM machines with conventional and eccentric PM designs are manufactured and tested to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that the eccentric PM design worsens high-frequency vibrations.

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12. An Improved Deadbeat Predictive Current Control of PMSM Drives Based on the Ultra-local Model

Yongchang Zhang, Wenjia Shen, Haitao Yang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (2): 27-37. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000020

摘要（301）

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Deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) has been widely applied in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives due to its fast dynamic response and good steady-state performance. However, the control accuracy of DPCC is dependent on the machine parameters’ accuracy. In practical applications, the machine parameters may vary with working conditions due to temperature, saturation, skin effect, and so on. As a result, the performance of DPCC may degrade when there are parameter mismatches between the actual value and the one used in the controller. To solve the problem of parameter dependence for DPCC, this study proposes an improved model-free predictive current control method for PMSM drives. The accurate model of the PMSM is replaced by a first-order ultra-local model. This model is dynamically updated by online estimation of the gain of the input voltage and the other parts describing the system dynamics. After obtaining this ultra-local model from the information on the measured stator currents and applied stator voltages in past control periods, the reference voltage value can be calculated based on the principle of DPCC, which is subsequently synthesized by space vector modulation (SVM). This method is compared with conventional DPCC and field-oriented control (FOC), and its superiority is verified by the presented experimental results.

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13. Magnetic Actuation Systems and Magnetic Robots for Gastrointestinal Examination and Treatment^*

Hongbo Sun, Jianhua Liu, Qiuliang Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 3-28. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000009

摘要（299）

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Magnetic actuation technology (MAT) provides novel diagnostic tools for the early screening and treatment of digestive cancers, which have high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The application of magnetic actuation systems and magnetic robots in gastrointestinal (GI) diagnosis and treatment to provide a comprehensive reference manual for scholars in the field of MAT research are reviewed. It describes the basic principles of magnetic actuation and magnetic field safety, introduces the design, manufacturing, control, and performance parameters of magnetic actuation systems, as well as the applicability and limitations of each system for different parts of the GI tract. It analyzes the characteristics and advantages of different types and functions of magnetic robots, summarizes the challenges faced by MAT in clinical applications, and provides an outlook on the future prospects of the field.

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14. Prediction and Measurement Techniques for Radiated EMI of Power Converters with Cables

Zhedong Ma, Shuo Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 1-10. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000033

摘要（297）

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Recently, radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become a research hotspot in power electronics systems, as the switching frequencies of power electronics systems have increased significantly with the adoption of wide-bandgap devices. In this article, a generalized radiated EMI model for power electronics converters with power cables is first reviewed. The radiated EMI model is then developed for a flyback power converter with critical ground impedance included. Based on the developed model, accurate high-frequency parameter extraction techniques and a radiated EMI prediction technique are developed and experimentally validated. Finally, essential measurement techniques are identified and developed to accurately extract parameters for accurate EMI prediction. The effects of the resolution bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer and critical PCB ground impedance on the radiated EMI are experimentally validated. PCB's impact on the common-mode (CM) choke's impedance and the radiated EMI is further validated. Techniques for minimizing the undesired near-field couplings in parameter extraction are discussed. The predicted EMI properly agreed with the measured EMI in the range of 30-230 MHz based on the EN55032 3 m class B standard.

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15. Accurate 3D Thermal Network Development for Direct-drive Outer-rotor Hybrid-PM Flux-switching Generator

Ali Zarghani, Mohammad Farahzadi, Aghil Ghaheri, Karim Abbaszadeh

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 80-92. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000059

摘要（285）

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Heat and thermal problems are major obstacles to achieving high power density in compact permanent magnet (PM) topologies. Consequently, a comprehensive, accurate, and rapid temperature rise estimation method is required for novel electric machines to ensure safe and reliable operations. A unique three-dimensional (3D) lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) is presented for accurate thermal modeling of a newly developed outer-rotor hybrid-PM flux switching generator (OR-HPMFSG) for direct-drive applications. First, the losses of the OR-HPMFSG are calculated using 3D finite element analysis (FEA). Subsequently, all machine components considering the thermal contact resistance, anisotropic thermal conductivity of materials, and various heat flow paths are comprehensively modeled based on the thermal resistances. In the proposed 3-D LPTN, internal nodes are considered to predict the average temperature as well as the hot spots of all active and passive components. Experimental measurements are performed on a prototype OR-HPMFSG to validate the efficiency of the 3-D LPTN. A comparison of the results at various operating points between the developed 3-D LPTN, experimental test, and FEA indicates that the 3-D LPTN quickly approximates the hotspot and mean temperature of all components under both transient and steady states with high accuracy.

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16. Analytical Solution of a Fractional-slot Double-layer-winding Open-slot Vernier Permanent Magnet Machine with Tooth Tips

Weibing Wang, Ming Cheng

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 44-58. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000057

摘要（280）

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An analytical solution (ANA) for a fractional-slot double-layer-winding open-slot vernier permanent magnet (VPM) machine with tooth tips is presented. Magnetic vector potential equations are analytically solved using the technique of variable separation in four subdomains in a two-dimensional polar coordinate system. Based on the solved magnetic vector potential, the flux density distribution, torque, flux linkage, inductance, electromotive force (EMF) and power factor are analytically developed. An 18-slot/32-rotor-pole prototype is analyzed, and the results match well with the finite element analysis (FEA), which validates that the ANA consumes less time than FEA. Therefore, the tooth tips are optimized using the ANA to improve the average torque. Moreover, the ANA can be used to evaluate the demagnetization withstand capabilities of permanent magnets. The material utilization, slot-filling factor, EMF, and torque are compared between the models with three and four subdomains. Finally, an experimental prototype is constructed and tested, and the results validate the ANA.

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17. Research and Modeling on the Characteristic Changes of EMI Filter Passive Components under the Influence of Aging^*

Wenzhe Su, Hong Li, Zhichang Yang, Baihua Zhang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (3): 2-11. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000021

摘要（275）

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At present, the power density of power electronic devices in data centers and electric vehicles is constantly increasing, and numerous electronic components are concentrated in a tight, high-temperature environment, which aggravates the performance degradation of electronic components. Consequently, X and Y capacitors, common-mode inductors, and differential-mode inductors used for electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression suffer from aging effects, and their performance continues to decline. However, the electromagnetic compatibility test is often conducted immediately after the power electronic equipment leaves the factory. The electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic equipment is affected by aging, which is not assessed in current industrial testing. This study conducts aging experiments on passive electronic components in EMI filters and measures the impedance in the frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz. Subsequently, a multi-element aging model based on electromagnetic field analysis is established. The proposed model is suitable for electromagnetic compatibility analysis considering aging. Finally, the aging performance of a commercial two-stage EMI filter is predicted to verify the model proposed in the study. The proposed model explains the degeneration of the EMI filter with aging in the frequency range of 150 kHz to 1 MHz, with a maximum amplitude error of 0.58 dB and phase error of 1.0°.

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18. Uniform Distribution Spread-spectrum Modulation Strategy for MMC to Reduce Conducted EMI and Switching Loss^*

Hui Liu, Jianan Chen, Dong Jiang, Hong Li, Xuejun Pei, Wei Sun

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 39-51. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000037

摘要（271）

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Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have been widely used owing to their superior performance. However, the rapid switching of power electronics devices causes serious electromagnetic interference (EMI). There are a large number of obvious EMI peaks in the frequency spectrum of the carrier phase-shifted constant-switching-frequency pulse-width modulation (CSFPWM). Spreading the EMI across a wider frequency range can help to reduce the EMI peaks. In this study, we designed a uniform distribution (UD) spread-spectrum modulation technology using the principle of uniform switching frequency distribution and minimum switching loss for MMC. Its feasibility is verified by theoretical derivation and simulation. Then, the effectiveness of UDPWM in reducing the EMI is verified in experiments with a prototype MMC testbed in the lab. Compared with traditional CSFPWM, UDPWM can reduce conducted EMI by 10-20 dB. Also, compared with random PWM (RPWM), UDPWM can improve efficiency and reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) of output voltage and current in MMC.

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19. An Improved Reactive Power Sharing in an Isolated Microgrid with a Local Load Detection

Issam A. Smadi, Luay I. Shehadeh

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (2): 14-26. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000021

摘要（271）

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Accurate reactive power sharing is one of the main issues in isolated microgrids to avoid circulating currents and overloading small distributed generation (DG) units. A simple and enhanced method for improving reactive power sharing among parallel-connected DG systems in an isolated microgrid was proposed. The proposed method uses a compensator term with an integral action to minimize the reactive power-sharing error internally without any need for communication or information shared among the DG units. Moreover, a small disturbance carrying part of the reactive power-sharing error is injected into the active power-droop controller, maintaining the essential system parameters within their allowable limits. Consequently, a simple compensation trigger system is proposed to effectively detect any local load change in the network and provide compensation gains to activate the proposed control method. The stability of the proposed method was verified and analyzed using a detailed small-signal model. Moreover, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method were validated through comprehensive simulation studies and comparisons with other related techniques.

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20. Hybrid Common-mode EMI Filter Design for Electric Vehicle Traction Inverters

Yongjie Han, Zhihong Wu, Deliang Wu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 52-60. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000038

摘要（270）

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A feedforward current-sense current-compensation (CSCC) active EMI filter (AEF) for the direct current-side common-mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression of high-power electric vehicle traction inverters is analyzed and designed. A detailed design of the components with formulas is provided based on an analysis of the CSCC AEF, including the CSCC AEF topology and its implementation. The feedforward active filter stage was implemented using a simple current transformer and a small circuit board. Only a small passive filter with a high resonant frequency is required for high-frequency noise attenuation. The filter's effectiveness was validated using the simulation results and experimental measurements.

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21. Ice-covered Environmental Adaptability Assessment for Overhead Contact System in High-speed Railways^*

Huan Zhang, Wenfu Wei, Like Pan, Zefeng Yang, Guizao Huang, Yuxin Liu, Xing Chen, Ziqian Yang, Guangning Wu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 70-79. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000058

摘要（268）

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High-speed trains rely on pantograph-catenary systems (PCSs) to collect electrical energy from power systems. However, the dynamic interaction between the pantograph and the catenary system may become mismatched once ice accumulates on the overhead conductors. More frequent arcing may occur within the PCS during train operation, posing an unpredictable threat to operational safety. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the ability of overhead contact system (OCS) to withstand ice-covered variability during line desgin. A new strategy is proposed to evaluate the adaptive performance of an OCS under various icing conditions. First, a dynamic model considering icing conditions is constructed to simulate the interaction within the PCS. Five different OCS structures with various icing thicknesses are studied. The parameters of the contact force within the PCS and proportion of high-possibility arcing moments are obtained. The dependence of the contact force on the icing thickness and pantograph displacement has been illustrated in the form of cloud maps. Finally, the OCS sensitivity coefficient is calculated, and ice-covered environmental adaptability assessments for the five different OCS structures are compared.

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22. Time-domain Dynamic-performance- improvement Method for Pulse-width-modulated DC-DC Converters Based on Eigenvalue and Eigenvector Sensitivity^*

Hong Li, Zexi Zhou, Jinchang Pan, Qian Liu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 104-119. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000017

摘要（259）

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For pulse-width modulated (PWM) DC-DC converters, the input voltage fluctuation and load variation in practical applications make it necessary for them to have better dynamic performance to meet the regulation requirements of the system. The dynamic-performance-improvement method for PWM DC-DC converters is mainly based on indirect dynamic performance indices, such as the gain margin and phase margin. However, both settling time and overshoot in the time domain are important in practical engineering. This makes it difficult for designers to obtain a clear understanding of the time-domain dynamic performance that can be achieved with improved control. In this study, a direct analysis of the time-domain dynamic characteristic of PWM DC-DC converters is performed. A dynamic-performance-improvement method based on eigenvalues and eigenvector sensitivity (E²S-based DPIM) is proposed to directly improve the time-domain dynamic performance index of PWM DC-DC converters. By considering a boost converter with proportional-integral control as an example, an additional virtual inductor current feedback control was designed using the proposed dynamic-performance-improvement method. Simulation and experimental results verify the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic-performance-improvement method.

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23. Model Predictive Torque Control for a Dual Three-phase PMSM Using Modified Dual Virtual Vector Modulation Method^*

Zhujin Ren, Jinghua Ji, Hongyu Tang, Tao Tao, Linsen Huang, Wenxiang Zhao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 91-103. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000041

摘要（255）

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Single voltage vectors applied in the conventional model predictive torque control (MPTC) for multiphase motors do not only suffer from serious torque and stator flux ripples but also cause the large harmonic current. To address the aforementioned challenges, an MPTC using a modified dual virtual vector modulation method is proposed to improve the operational performance of a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor. Virtual voltage vectors are synthesized as the candidate control set to restrain the harmonic current. A transformation method is introduced to consider both the stator flux and torque in the duty cycle modulation. The torque and stator flux ripples are simultaneously reduced by addressing the limitations of nonuniform units. Furthermore, the null voltage vector is then inserted to expand the modulation range and improve the steady-state performance. Moreover, the sawtooth carrier is adopted to address the challenge of the asymmetric switch sequence caused by the modified modulation. Finally, the experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed MPTC method.

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24. A Simple Primary Key Algorithm Based Shade Dispersion Method for Maximizing PV Power Generation under Partial Shading Conditions^*

Prabhakaran Koothu Kesavan, A. Karthikeyan, Manoj Kumar, Sushant Mandal

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 93-102. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000067

摘要（251）

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The output power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) array reduces under partial shading, resulting in multiple local maxima in the PV characteristics and inaccurate tracking of the global maximum power point (GMPP). Various interconnection schemes are available to reduce power losses under partial shading. In this study, a primary key algorithm is proposed for distributing shading across an array. This method is suitable for any n×n PV array configuration and involves fewer calculations and variables, leading to reduced computational complexity. The power generations of a 9×9 PV array under four different shading conditions were compared with the configurations of: total cross-tied (TCT) and Su Du Ku, physical relocation and fixed column position of modules with fixed electrical connection (PRFCPM-FEC), and magic square (MS) and improved-odd-even-prime (IOEP). The advantage of the proposed method is that once the primary key elements are obtained, the remaining array elements are numbered in a simpler manner. The results obtained using the proposed arrangement show that the power is enhanced with reference to the TCT and is comparable to the Su Do Ku, PRFCPM-FEC, MS, and IOEP reconfigurations.

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25. Vibration and Noise Optimization of New Asymmetric Modular PMaSynRM

Guohai Liu, Akang Gao, Qian Chen, Yanxin Mao, Gaohong Xu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (2): 57-70. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000006

摘要（249）

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An optimized structure to weaken the vibration and noise of a new asymmetric permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM) is proposed. The new asymmetric PMaSynRM has the advantages of a low torque ripple and high fault tolerance. However, the asymmetric structure generates an unbalanced magnetic force (UMF), which results in vibration and noise problems. In this study, the vibration and noise of the motor are analyzed and optimized. First, the radial pressure is analyzed, and an optimized structure is proposed. The electromagnetic performance of the motor before and after optimization is analyzed using the finite element method. Second, a three-dimensional model is established, and modal analysis is conducted considering the orthotropy of the stator and effective windings. Finally, the vibration and noise are simulated and analyzed, and the validity of the analysis results is verified experimentally. The analysis results indicate that the optimized motor realizes a reduction in the motor vibration and noise.

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26. Frequency-selective Optimization of Periodic Gate Control Signals in DC/DC Converters for EMI-reduction

Caroline Krause, Stephan Frei

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 11-18. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000034

摘要（248）

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High-frequency switching of power transistors in power electronic systems can cause electromagnetic emissions. Simple approaches for reducing high-frequency disturbances, such as inserting an additional gate resistor, lead to increased power losses. This makes achieving both electromagnetic compatibility and power efficiency difficult. Active gate drivers help to find a trade-off between these two. Typically, only narrow-band disturbances must be reduced. Accordingly, a target signal with a spectrum notched at some frequencies can be defined. The target signal can be reached by a target-signal-oriented control of the transistor's gate. This leads to steeper switching slopes, such that the power losses are less increased. Generating arbitrary target signals is impossible. The transistor signal exhibits some physical limitations. A constraint satisfaction problem must be solved, and the gate drive signal must be optimized by applying a residual and Newton's method. The proposed optimization process in the frequency domain is based on the circuit simulation method named “harmonic balance”. Measurements on a DC/DC converter exhibit the benefits of this method.

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27. Advanced Electrical Motors and Control Strategies for High-quality Servo Systems - A Comprehensive Review^*

Ming Cheng, Jiawei Zhou, Wei Qian, Bo Wang, Chenchen Zhao, Peng Han

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (1): 63-85. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000048

摘要（247）

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Recent technological advancements have propelled remarkable progress in servo systems, resulting in their extensive utilization across various high-end applications. A comprehensive review of high-quality servo system technologies, focusing specifically on electrical motor topologies and control strategies is presented. In terms of motor topology, this study outlines the mainstream servo motors used across different periods, as well as the latest theories and technologies surrounding contemporary servo motors. In terms of control strategies, two well-established approaches are presented: field-oriented control and direct torque control. Additionally, it discusses advanced control strategies employed in servo systems, such as model predictive control (MPC) and fault tolerance control, among others.

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28. A Review on the Coupled Method of Using the Magnetic and Acoustic Fields for Biological Tissue Imaging^*

Yuanyuan Li, Guoqiang Liu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 47-60. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000014

摘要（246）

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Magnetic field and acoustic field coupled imaging methods mainly include magnetoacoustic tomography, magneto-acousto-electrical tomography, and thermoacoustic tomography, all of which non-invasively achieve the electrical conductivity imaging of tissues with a resolution of up to the millimeter scale. The principles of these three imaging methods and the research progress in the last two decades are reviewed. First, the principles of the three magnetic and acoustic field coupled methods are individually introduced. The progress in medical electromagnetic imaging is further elaborated, and finally the future directions and summary of the coupled imaging methods are summarized.

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29. Bioeffects of Microgravity and Hypergravity on Animals^*

Guofeng Cheng, Biao Yu, Chao Song, Vitalii Zablotskii, Xin Zhang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 29-46. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000011

摘要（241）

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Gravity alterations in space cause significant adaptive effects on the human body, including changes to the muscular, skeletal, and vestibular systems. However, multiple factors besides gravity exist in space; therefore, it is difficult to distinguish gravity-related bioeffects from those of the other factors, including radiation. Although everything on the Earth surface is subject to gravity, gravity-induced effects are not explicitly clear. Here, different research methods that have been used in gravity alterations, including parabolic flight, diamagnetic levitation, and centrifuge, are reviewed and compared. The bioeffects that are reported to be associated with altered gravity in animals are summarized, and the potential risks of hypergravity and microgravity are discussed, with a focus on microgravity, which has been studied more extensively. It should be noted that although various microgravity and hypergravity research methods have their limitations, such as the inevitable magnetic field effects in diamagnetic levitation and short duration of parabolic flight, it is evident that ground-based clinical, animal, and cellular experiments that simulate gravity alterations have served as important and necessary complements to space research. These researches not only provide critical and fundamental biological information on the effects of gravity from biomechanics and the biophysical perspectives, but also help in developing future countermeasures for astronauts.

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30. Editorial for the Special Issue on Emerging Technology and Advanced Application of Nondestructive Detection for Power Equipment

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (1): 1-2. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000055

摘要（240）

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The rapid development of clean and renewable energy technologies represented by wind and solar energy, as well as the continuous growth of load demand, have put forward higher requirements for the safe operation of the power equipment. The performance of power equipment based on traditional dielectric materials is often limited by various defects generated during molding, transportation, assembly, and operation, which cannot meet the reliability requirements of power systems in the new situation. Nondestructive detection is an essential technical method in industrial development, which can detect and evaluate the defect and damage status of in-service equipment, key components, and materials without damaging the object.

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31. Dual-current-injection CSCC Active Common-mode EMI Filters with High Insertion Loss for DC-DC Converters^*

Hong Li, Siyi Wang, Chongmo Zhang, Bo Zhang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 19-29. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000035

摘要（239）

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With the increase in the switching frequency and power density, DC-DC converters encounter more severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. To suppress the common-mode EMI generated by converters, as well as maintain the high-power-density of converters, the active EMI filter (AEF) has attracted increasing interest owing to its small volume. The EMI suppression effect of the common single-stage single-sense single-injection AEF is confined because of the limited insertion loss, and the volume of the multi-stage AEF will be bulky. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a compact dual-current-injection current-sense current-compensation (DCJ-CSCC) AEF to increase the insertion loss in the entire conducted EMI frequency band, as well as considering the volume of the AEF. The structure and operating principle of the proposed AEF are introduced. Finally, taking a boost converter as an example, the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed DCJ-CSCC AEF were verified through a simulation and experiment, the results show that the proposed AEF has a better EMI suppression effect on the entire conducted EMI frequency band with a similar volume compared with existing single-injection feedforward current-sense current-compensation (FF-CSCC) and feedback current-sense current-compensation (FB-CSCC) AEFs. This paper provides a new selection for EMI suppression in DC-DC converters.

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32. Impact of Motor Stator Winding Faults on Motor Differential-mode Impedance and Mode Transformation

Fei Fan, Zhenyu Zhao, Huamin Jie, Quqin Sun, Pengfei Tu, Zhou Shu, Wensong Wang, Kye Yak See

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (3): 12-21. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000022

摘要（238）

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Motor impedance and mode transformation have significant effects on the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated in motor drive systems. Stator winding faults commonly cause motor failure; however, in their early stages, they may not affect the short-term operation of the motor. To date, EMI noise under the influence of premature stator winding faults has not been adequately studied, particularly the differential-mode (DM) noise due to the common-mode (CM)-to-DM transformation. This study investigates and quantifies the influence of stator winding faults on the motor DM impedance and mode transformation. First, the transmission line model of an induction motor is described based on the scattering (S) parameter measurements of each phase of the motor. It offers the flexibility to emulate different types of stator winding faults at specific locations and various severities, such that the impacts of the faults on the motor DM impedance can be easily estimated. Second, a test setup is proposed to quantify the CM-to-DM transformation due to the stator winding faults. The findings of this study reveal that even the early stages of stator winding faults can result in significant changes in the DM noise.

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33. Common-mode Electromagnetic Interference Mitigation for Solid-state Transformers

Dong Jiang, Zhenyu Wang, Wenjie Chen, Jianrui Liu, Xuan Zhao, Wei Sun

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (3): 22-36. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000023

摘要（238）

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Solid-state transformers (SSTs) have been widely used in many areas owing to their advantages of high-frequency isolation and high power density. However, high-frequency switching causes severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. Particularly, the common-mode (CM) EMI caused by the switching of the dual active bridge (DAB) converter is conducted through the parasitic capacitances in the high-frequency transformer and impacts the system reliability. With the understanding of the CM EMI model in SSTs, CM EMI mitigation methods have been studied. For passive mitigation, the coupled inductor can be integrated with the phase-shift inductor function to reduce CM EMI. For active mitigation, variations in the DAB switching frequency can help reduce the CM EMI peak. An active EMI filter can also be designed to sample and compensate for CM EMI. Using these methods, CM EMI can be reduced in SSTs.

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34. Experimental Study on the Effect of State of Charge on Failure Propagation Characteristics within Battery Modules^*

Kuijie Li, Yalun Li, Xinyu Rui, Yuancheng Cao, Liyun Fan, Xuning Feng

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (3): 3-14. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000007

摘要（237）

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To investigate the effect of different states of charge (SOC) on the thermal runaway (TR) propagation behaviors within lithium-ion-batteries based energy storage modules, an experimental setup was developed to conduct failure propagation tests on battery modules at an SOC of 97%, 85%, and 50%. The result indicates that an increase in the SOC of batteries can decrease the TR trigger temperature, making batteries trigger TR earlier and reducing the average failure propagation time between two adjacent cells. In addition, the failure propagation tests reveal that at higher SOCs, the TR reaction becomes more violent, the maximal reaction temperature is also much higher, and the damage to the battery module is severe. Compared to the battery module with 97% SOC, the TR trigger time of the battery module with 50% SOC was postponed by approximately 57.8%. Meanwhile, the average failure propagation time got prolonged by approximately 36.0%. Thus, this study can provide references for the thermal safety design of energy-storage battery modules.

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35. Interactive Power Oscillation and Its Suppression Strategy for VSG-DSG Paralleled System in Islanded Microgrid^*

Zhiyong Yuan, Xia Shen, Yingjie Tan, Zhenhua Tan, Jinyong Lei

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 113-120. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000043

摘要（235）

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A virtual synchronous generator (VSG) can provide inertial support through renewables and energy storage. It generally operates in parallel with a diesel generator (DSG) in an islanded microgrid. However, unforeseen interactive power oscillations occur in the paralleled system when loads fluctuate. These may also burn out the VSG owing to its low overcurrent capacity. The mechanism and suppression strategy of the power oscillation of a VSG-DSG paralleled system are investigated. It reveals that the interactive power oscillation is caused essentially by the physical difference and parameter mismatch between the VSG and DSG. Then, the elimination condition of oscillation generation is derived. Subsequently, a comprehensive suppression control strategy based on virtual inductance and dynamic mutual damping technology is proposed. Finally, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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36. Current Status and Development Tendency of Wearable Cardiac Health Monitoring^*

Yifeng Wang, Zheng Zhao, Jiangtao Li

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 71-92. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000016

摘要（233）

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Wearable cardiac monitoring devices can provide uninterrupted monitoring of cardiac activities over a long period of time. They have developed rapidly in recent years in terms of convenience, comfort, and intelligence. Aided by the development of sensor and materials technology, big data and artificial intelligence, wearable cardiac monitoring can become a crucial basis for novel medical models in the future. Herein, the basic concepts and representative devices of wearable cardiac monitoring are first introduced. Subsequently, its core technologies and the latest representative research progress in physiology signal sensing, signal quality enhancement, and signal reliability are systematically reviewed. Finally, an insight and outlook on the future development trends and challenges of wearable cardiac monitoring are discussed.

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37. Wind Power Probability Density Prediction Based on Quantile Regression Model of Dilated Causal Convolutional Neural Network^*

Yunhao Yang, Heng Zhang, Shurong Peng, Sheng Su, Bin Li

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 120-128. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000001

摘要（229）

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Aiming at the wind power prediction problem, a wind power probability prediction method based on the quantile regression of a dilated causal convolutional neural network is proposed. With the developed model, the Adam stochastic gradient descent technique is utilized to solve the cavity parameters of the causal convolutional neural network under different quantile conditions and obtain the probability density distribution of wind power at various times within the following 200 hours. The presented method can obtain more useful information than conventional point and interval predictions. Moreover, a prediction of the future complete probability distribution of wind power can be realized. According to the actual data forecast of wind power in the PJM network in the United States, the proposed probability density prediction approach can not only obtain more accurate point prediction results, it also obtains the complete probability density curve prediction results for wind power. Compared with two other quantile regression methods, the developed technique can achieve a higher accuracy and smaller prediction interval range under the same confidence level.

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38. Online Junction Temperature Measurement of Double-sided Cooling IGBT Power Module through On-state Voltage with High Current^*

Xiaoguang Chai, Puqi Ning, Han Cao, Dan Zheng, Huakang Li, Yunhao Huang, Yuhui Kang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 104-112. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000042

摘要（225）

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The aim of this study is to achieve online monitoring of the junction temperature of double-sided-cooling insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power modules by using the on-state voltage under a high current to maximize the utilization of IGBT power chips. Online junction temperature measurement plays an important role in improving the reliability of the inverter with IGBT, increasing the power density of the motor controller of electric vehicles, and reducing the cost of electric vehicles.

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39. A Review of Variable-inductor-based Power Converters for Eco-friendly Applications: Fundamentals, Configurations, and Applications^*

Zijie He, Guidong Zhang, Zexiang Chen, Samson S. Yu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (3): 50-71. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000030

摘要（222）

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Modern eco-friendly industries such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles (EVs), and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have led to technological advancements in power electronics. Switching-based power converters have limited working ranges and can cause significant harmonics and oscillations in the output voltage and current. Introducing variable inductors can help solve this problem by changing the inductance without resorting to extreme switch duty cycles. Despite their advantages, there is still a lack of comprehensive reviews of variable inductor applications in power converter design. A thorough and in-depth review of variable inductance control in power conversion is presented, including its significance, working principle, core structure, modeling method, and typical applications. Traditionally, an inductor works in its linear magnetic region; its inductance in a power converter is considered constant, and the converter operates under fixed working conditions. However, a broad range of working conditions is required for power converters in practical applications. This is typically realized by changing the duty cycles of the switches. The working principle of variable inductance is reviewed, and the application of variable inductance control in power converters is presented, which will further help power electronics researchers and engineers design flexible and resilient power converters.

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40. Electromagnetic Radiation Mechanism Analysis and Field Strength Prediction of an Elementary Digital Inverter with Cables^*

Junping He, Xin Li, Sili Tao, Lingling Cao, Xi Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (3): 37-48. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000024

摘要（221）

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In this paper, common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) far-field radiation models of a typical digital inverter with cables are built up to predict electromagnetic field strength and analyze field characteristics. The CM current model and its analyses are based on the imbalance difference method. It is found out that the voltage between the drain and the source electrodes of upper transistor is the key equivalent source of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Far-field radiation strength of the digital inverter in free space is predicted by using the asymmetrical antenna radiation method and current loop radiation method. The accuracy of these methods is verified by the CST electromagnetic simulation results in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 400 MHz. Furthermore, the radiation models are improved by using the mirror method, which enables to include the reflection effect of the metal ground plane at the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test site. Both the results of measurements in a semi-anechoic chamber and the simulation results confirm the proposed electromagnetic radiation prediction method.

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