中国电气工程学报（英文）

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1. Review of Inductance Identification Methods Considering Inverter Nonlinearity for PMSM^*

Qiwei Wang, Jiqing Xue, Gaolin Wang, Yihua Hu, Dianguo Xu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 1-15. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000046

摘要（2147）

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Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in high-power-density and flexible control methods. Generally, the inductance changes significantly in real-time machine operations because of magnetic saturation and coupling effects. Therefore, the identification of inductance is crucial for PMSM control. Existing inductance identification methods are primarily based on the voltage source inverter (VSI), making inverter nonlinearity one of the main error sources in inductance identification. To improve the accuracy of inductance identification, it is necessary to compensate for the inverter nonlinearity effect. In this study, an overview of the PMSM inductance identification and the related inverter nonlinearity self-learning methods are presented.

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2. Robust Predictive Current Control of Induction Motors Based on Linear Extended State Observer

Yongchang Zhang, Xing Wang, Haitao Yang, Boyue Zhang and Jose Rodriguez

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 94-105. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000009

摘要（380）

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Model predictive current control can achieve fast dynamic response and satisfactory steady-state performance for induction motor (IM) drives. However, many motor parameters are required to implement the control algorithm. Consequently, if the motor parameters used in the controller are not accurate, the performance may deteriorate. In this paper, a new robust predictive current control is proposed to improve robustness against parameter mismatches. The proposed method employs an ultra-local model to replace the mathematical model of the IM. Additionally, to improve the control performance, a linear extended state observer is developed for disturbance estimation. Experimental tests confirm that satisfactory tracking performance can still be obtained although the motor parameters may not be accurately set in the controller.

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3. Benefits of High-voltage SiC-based Power Electronics in Medium-voltage Power-distribution Grids^*

Fred Wang, Shiqi Ji

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 1-26. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000001

摘要（457）

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Medium-voltage (MV) power electronics equipment has been increasingly applied in distribution grids, and high-voltage (HV) silicon carbide (SiC) power semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in recent years. This paper first overviews the development and status of HV SiC power semiconductors. Then, MV power-converter applications in distribution grids are summarized and the benefits of HV SiC in these applications are presented. Microgrids, including conventional and asynchronous microgrids, that can fully demonstrate the benefits of HV SiC power semiconductors are selected to investigate the benefits of HV SiC in detail, including converter-level benefits and system-level benefits. Finally, an asynchronous microgrid power-conditioning system (PCS) prototype using a 10 kV SiC MOSFET is presented.

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4. Comparative Analysis on the Stability Mechanism of Droop Control and VID Control in DC Microgrid^*

Gang Lin, Wei Zuo, Yong Li, Jiayan Liu, Shaoyang Wang, Pengcheng Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 37-46. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000003

摘要（388）

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Voltage resonance and fluctuation deteriorate the stability of DC microgrids (DC-MGs) and restrict their popularization. Conventional droop control cannot suppress voltage fluctuation and damp oscillations. Therefore, new control methods, namely, droop+filter control and virtual inertia and damping control, are proposed. These methods differ owing to the addition of low pass filter (LPF) and virtual inertia loop. In this study, the stability of these control methods is investigated comprehensively to understand their differences arising from the use of LPF and inertia loop as well as the underlying dynamic stability mechanism. The leading causes of voltage instability in DC-MGs regulated by droop control are first presented. Subsequently, control methods for solving this issue are compared and their simplified small-signal models are constructed. Based on eigenvalue analysis, the DC-MG is equivalent to a third-order system. Different control effects can be acquired by changing the control parameters and the location of the eigenvalues; furthermore, they can be used to understand the dynamic stability. Eigenvalue analysis can provide parameter design guidelines. Finally, the simulation results verify the validity of the theoretical analysis.

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5. Optimal Rotor Poles and Structure for Design of Consequent Pole Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Machine

Wasiq Ullah, Faisal Khan, Muhammad Umair

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 118-127. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000011

摘要（347）

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Permanent magnet flux switching machines (PMFSM) have attracted significant research interest and are considered as competent candidates when higher torque density is primary requirement. However, conventional PMFSMs uses excessive rare earth PM volumes which ultimately increases machine the machine weight and PM cost. Moreover, the PMs extended at the stator yoke results in stator leakage flux which degrades the performance. To suppress the leakage flux and diminish the PM volume, the consequent pole PMFSM (CPPMFSM) with flux bridges and barriers encompassing partitioned circumferential and radial magnetized PMs is proposed, thereby ensuring an alternate magnetic path for the working harmonics which improves the modulation effect and flux distribution. Moreover, the influence of the rotor pole number on seven different rotor structures namely, curved rotor, trapezoidal rotor, wide rotor tooth tip, wide rotor base width, rectangular segmented and eccentric rotors are investigated based on the electromagnetic performance and stress distribution. Finite element analysis (FEA) reveals that the 12S-13P CPPMFSM with a wider rotor base offers comparatively better electromagnetic performance. Compare to the conventional PMFSM, the proposed CPPMFSM reduces the PM volume which minimizes the overall machine cost and weight, suppresses the torque ripples by 16.49%, diminishes total harmonic distortion (THD) by 35.24% and decreases cogging torque by 32.88%. Furthermore, the torque and power density are enhanced by 7.028% and 7.025% respectively.

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6. Review of General Modeling Approaches of Power Converters^*

Dong Yan, Chenglin Yang, Lijun Hang, Yuanbin He, Ping Luo, Lei Shen, Pingliang Zeng

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 27-36. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000002

摘要（387）

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The modeling approaches of power converters occupy an important position in power electronic systems and have made considerable progress over the past years. Continuous modeling approaches and linearization techniques are reviewed, including the state-space average model, generalized average model, averaged small-signal model, and describing function method. A Buck converter with PWM modulation and voltage-mode control is taken as an example to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different methods through simulation analysis. Moreover, the corresponding equivalent circuit with an intuitive physical meaning of state-space average model, generalized average model, and averaged small-signal model is given. The results point out that the generalized average model can improve the modeling accuracy based on the state-space average model. In the linearization techniques, the averaged small-signal model reflects accuracy at low frequencies, but introduces phase lag in the high-frequency region. The describing function method is derived from harmonic linearization, which takes into account the sideband effect and improves the modeling accuracy at high frequencies.

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7. Quasi-Z-Source Based Bidirectional DC-DC Converter and Its Control Strategy

Yuba Raj Kafle*, Saad Ul Hasan, Graham E. Town

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2019, 5 (1): 1-10.

摘要（648）

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This paper presents a quasi-Z-source based isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter (qZIBDC) for renewable energy applications. The converter utilizes a dual active bridge circuit with a quasi-Z-source network on both sides, so the converter works as buck/boost converter from either side. It has a wider input/output voltage operating range, soft-switching capabilities without additional devices, and higher boost capability than a traditional dual active bridge circuit. Apart from that, shoot-through states are incorporated in its operating cycle to boost the input voltage resulting in high reliability of the proposed converter. Due to the symmetrical structure of the circuit, there is no defined high voltage or low voltage side as in traditional isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter. The operating principle and control strategy of the proposed converter are presented. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter topology and its control strategy.

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8. Analysis and Comparison of Two Wireless Battery Charger Arrangements for Electric Vehicles

Giuseppe Buja, Rupesh K. Jha, Manuele Bertoluzzo, Mude K. Naik

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2015, 1 (1): 50-57.

摘要（102）

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The paper deals with wireless battery chargers (WBCs) for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and analyzes two arrangements for the receiver of a series-series resonant WBC. The first arrangement charges the PEV battery in a straightforward manner through a diode rectifier. The second arrangement charges the PEV battery through the cascade of a diode rectifier and a chopper whose input voltage is kept constant. Figures of merit of WBCs such as efficiency and sizing factor of both the power source and the transmitter/receiver coils are determined. Afterwards, they are discussed and compared with reference to the case study of WBC for an electric city car. A proposal to optimize the efficiency of the second arrangement by a suitable selection of the chopper input voltage is presented. Measurements on the efficiency of the two arrangements are included to support the theoretical results.

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9. Resonance Mechanism Analysis of Large-scale Photovoltaic Power Plant^*

Jinjie Lin, Yong Li, Sijia Hu, Qianyi Liu, Jing Zhang, Shaoyang Wang, Lihong Dong, Juan Ni

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 47-54. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000004

摘要（376）

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To analyze the resonance mechanism of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, a simplified impedance model of the PV power plant is first established. The structure of the PV power plant is then introduced, and the reason for the resonance is obtained by analyzing the on-site situation and measured data of the PV power plant. Finally, a simple and effective solution is proposed based on the structure of the PV power plant and its existing facilities. The results of the engineering experiments and the stable operation of the PV power plant verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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10. Wavelet Synchro-squeezing Transform and Dynamic Threshold Supported Symmetrical Power Swing Technique for Modern Transmission Network

Monalisa Biswal, Kumar Raja Andanapalli, Papia Ray

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 30-43. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000064

摘要（604）

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Distance relays are prone to symmetrical power swing phenomenon. To mitigate this issue, a dynamic threshold-supported algorithm is proposed. A single logic is not supposed to be secure for all cases. Thus, a supervisory algorithm, as proposed in this study, can aid in the improvement of the immunity of the relay during swing cases and be sensitive to symmetrical faults. In the developed stages, a three-phase power signal was used and processed in two different steps: (i) extraction of the effective intrinsic mode function (IMF) selected from the Kurtosis analysis using the wavelet synchro-squeezing transform, and (ii) estimation of the average Euclidean distance index using the absolute values of the decomposed IMF’s. The adaptive threshold facilitated resistance to swing situations. At the onset of a symmetrical fault, the proposed algorithm efficiently discriminated among events using a dynamic threshold. The IEEE 39-bus test system and Indian Eastern Power Grid networks were modelled using PSCAD software, and cases were generated to test the efficacy of the method. The impact of the proposed method on a large-scale wind farm was also evaluated. A comparative analysis with other existing methods revealed the security and dependability of the proposed method.

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11. Review of Low Carrier Ratio Converter System^*

Mai Xu, Yang Zhang, Da Luo, Anping Shen

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 79-93. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000008

摘要（409）

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With the rapid development of new energy power generation and high-power traction technology, the voltage and power levels of converter devices have been continuously improved, and the application of high-power converters is becoming increasingly widespread. However, high-power converters are affected by switching losses and heat dissipation, meaning they are not suitable for high carrier conditions. Therefore, research of low carrier ratio converter systems has received increased attention. Based on existing research, the problems of large current harmonics, low observation accuracy, and poor stability that may occur at low carrier ratios are explained. In addition, the topologies, modulation strategies, and control methods of the low carrier ratio converter system are analyzed and classified. Finally, future research directions of low carrier ratio converter systems are proposed.

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12. Research on Protection of Tuning Area Equipment Disconnection in the ZPW-2000A Track Circuit^*

Yunshui Zheng, Zhanyi Shu, Shenglin Gao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 106-117. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000010

摘要（284）

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To overcome the problem of tuning area faults influencing the normal operation of the ZPW-2000A track circuit, protector models are established to protect the track circuit from interference. First, the parameters of the protector models are calculated according to the circuit resonance principle. Second, a four-terminal network model of the track circuit in a normal state is established according to transmission-line theory and the transmission equations are derived. Third, the rail voltage is simulated, and an experimental platform is built to verify the models. Finally, the transmission equations of the protectors are derived, and the variation of the rail voltage is analyzed. The results indicate that tuning area faults have significant influence on the rail voltage. However, the installation of protectors can effectively reduce the influence, and not bear on the normal operation and maintenance of the track circuit, which significantly improves the protection ability of the track circuit against tuning area faults.

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13. Novel Wind Power Grid-connection System Using Inductive Filtering Technology^*

Juan Ni, Sijia Hu, Yong Li, Jinjie Lin, Qianyi Liu, Peiyao Liu, Lihong Dong

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (3): 102-111. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000029

摘要（216）

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Herein, a novel wind power grid-connection system based on inductive filtering is proposed to improve grid-connection compatibility, and is implemented in a 50-MW real system. First, the topology and wiring configuration of the proposed system are discussed. Thereafter, an equivalent circuit and mathematical model are established to reveal the filtering characteristics and resonance damping mechanism of the proposed system. Finally, a 50-MW wind farm-based experimental study, which is conducted to validate the effectiveness and availability of the system is discussed. The experimental results show that the main harmonics, power factor, voltage fluctuation, and flicker satisfy national standards.

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14. Multi-objective Model Predictive Control of Grid-connected Three-level Inverter Based on Hierarchical Optimization^*

Ting Liu, Yong Li, Li Jiang, Jianghu Wan, Jiaqi Yu, Chao Ding, Yijia Cao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 63-72. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000006

摘要（322）

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In order to solve the problem of weighting factors selection in the conventional finite-control-set model predictive control for a grid-connected three-level inverter, an improved multi-objective model predictive control without weighting factors based on hierarchical optimization is proposed. Four control objectives are considered in this strategy. The grid current and neutral-point voltage of the DC-link are taken as the objectives in the first optimization hierarchy, and by using fuzzy satisfaction decision, several feasible candidates of voltage vectors are determined. Then, the average switching frequency and common-mode voltage are optimized in the second hierarchy. The average ranking criterion is introduced to sort the objective functions, and the best voltage vector is obtained to realize the coordinated control of multiple objectives. At last, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation results.

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15. A Novel Soft-start Method for SVG Based on D-axis Orientation^*

Shicheng Zheng, Ying Shu, Mengmeng Qi, Jiahong Lang, Xuefeng Hu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 55-62. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000005

摘要（262）

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In this paper, a novel method for shock-free soft-start is proposed. The novel method can realize the aim of no-overshoot and inrush of current during the entire soft-start process, thus the start process is safe, stable, and reliable. When the uncontrolled rectification stage ends, a sinusoidal signal synchronized with the grid voltage is generated through dq coordinate transformation and D-axis orientation, then the signal is transmitted to the three-phase inverter bridge. The AC voltage output of the inverter bridge is superimposed on both ends of the soft-start resistor along with the grid. The open-loop control method is adopted to gradually reduce the modulation ratio of the sinusoidal PWM wave until the capacitor voltage on the DC side reaches the rated voltage value, then the soft-start resistor is removed, which means the shock-free soft-start process is completed. Experimental results prove the effectiveness and feasibility of the control strategy proposed in this paper.

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16. Overview of Torque Ripple Minimization Methods for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Harmonic Injection^*

Peng Yi, Wenzhi Zheng, Xianglin Li

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 16-29. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000045

摘要（635）

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Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used because of their high power/torque density and high efficiency, particularly in applications with strict requirements for arrangement space or weight, such as in the electric vehicle (EV) and aerospace fields. Recently, the PMSM torque ripple problem has received increasing interest because PMSM drive requirements continuously improve. For applications with complex transmission and a wide speed range, torque ripple can easily cause system resonance, which deteriorates the driving performance. The research status and latest progress in the minimization of PMSM torque ripple based on harmonic injection are discussed. First, the causes of PMSM torque ripple are analyzed. Subsequently, the research status of the PMSM analytical model is introduced, and multiple current harmonic control and optimization methods are described in detail. Finally, future development trends in this field are analyzed.

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17. Accurate Evaluation of Cooling System Capability of Three-phase IGBT-based Inverter^*

Dan Zheng, Puqi Ning, Xiaoguang Chai, Wei Sun, Zhijie Qiu, Yuhui Kang, Han Cao, Tao Fan

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (1): 73-78. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000007

摘要（250）

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In this paper, an offline evaluation method for the cooling capability of three-phase insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) inverters is presented, which can better emulate real working conditions. With a properly designed sudden-stop control sequence, the conventional junction temperature monitoring method at a low current is used to calculate the junction temperature before the sudden stop of an inverter. This can solve the challenging switching loss calculation issue in conventional methods. Finally, the feasibility, control sequence, and electrical behaviors of the proposed method are validated through experimental tests.

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18. MESO-based Robustness Voltage Sliding Mode Control for AC Islanded Microgrid

Hao Pan, Qingfang Teng, Dangdang Wu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2020, 6 (2): 83-93. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2020.000013

摘要（274）

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A new modified extended state observer (MESO)-based robustness voltage sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is proposed for an AC islanded microgrid under system uncertainties including system parameter and load variation. First, the disturbance effect on the system is regarded as a lumped uncertainty, and a state space model of the uncertain islanded microgrid system is established. Then, a modified extended state observer is designed to estimate external disturbances and internal perturbation. Finally, considering the lumped uncertainty, a sliding mode controller with a multi-power reaching law is proposed to enable the output voltage of the system to track its reference voltage rapidly and accurately, and to enhance the robustness of the system. The simulation results confirm that the proposed robustness voltage control strategy can perform satisfactory voltage control and demonstrate a strong capability to reject parameter and load variation.

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19. Current Loop Disturbance Suppression for Dual Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators Based on Modified Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control^*

Dezhi Xu, Hu Yao, Yang He, Wenxiang Zhao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (1): 101-113. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000018

摘要（151）

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A modified four-dimensional linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) strategy is proposed for a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator (DTP-PMSG) system to reduce cross-coupling between the d and q axis currents in the d-q subspace and harmonic currents in the x-y subspace. In the d-q subspace, the proposed strategy uses a model-based LADRC to enhance the decoupling effect between the d and q axes and the disturbance rejection ability against parameter variation. In the x-y subspace, the 5th and 7th harmonic current suppression abilities are improved by using quasi-resonant units parallel to the extended state observer of the traditional LADRC. The proposed modified LADRC strategy improved both the steady-state performance and dynamic response of the DTP-PMSG system. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is both feasible and effective.

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20. A Simple Primary Key Algorithm Based Shade Dispersion Method for Maximizing PV Power Generation under Partial Shading Conditions^*

Prabhakaran Koothu Kesavan, A. Karthikeyan, Manoj Kumar, Sushant Mandal

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 93-102. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000067

摘要（251）

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The output power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) array reduces under partial shading, resulting in multiple local maxima in the PV characteristics and inaccurate tracking of the global maximum power point (GMPP). Various interconnection schemes are available to reduce power losses under partial shading. In this study, a primary key algorithm is proposed for distributing shading across an array. This method is suitable for any n×n PV array configuration and involves fewer calculations and variables, leading to reduced computational complexity. The power generations of a 9×9 PV array under four different shading conditions were compared with the configurations of: total cross-tied (TCT) and Su Du Ku, physical relocation and fixed column position of modules with fixed electrical connection (PRFCPM-FEC), and magic square (MS) and improved-odd-even-prime (IOEP). The advantage of the proposed method is that once the primary key elements are obtained, the remaining array elements are numbered in a simpler manner. The results obtained using the proposed arrangement show that the power is enhanced with reference to the TCT and is comparable to the Su Do Ku, PRFCPM-FEC, MS, and IOEP reconfigurations.

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21. PSO-based Optimization for Constant-current Charging Pattern for Li-ion Battery^*

Yixiao Wang, Yong Li, Li Jiang, Yuduo Huang, Yijia Cao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2019, 5 (2): 72-78.

摘要（182）

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A particle swarm optimization algorithm to search for an optimal five-stage constant-current charge pattern is proposed. The goal is to maximize the objective function for the proposed charge pattern based on the charging capacity, time, and energy efficiency, which all share the same weight. Firstly, an equivalent circuit model is built and battery parameters are identified. Then the optimal five-stage constant-current charge pattern is searched using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. At last, comparative experiments using the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) method are performed. Although the charging SOC of the proposed charging pattern was 2.5% lower than that of the CC-CV strategy, the charging time and charging energy efficiency are improved by 15.6% and 0.47% respectively. In particular, the maximum temperature increase of the battery is approximately 0.8 ℃ lower than that of the CC-CV method, which indicates that the proposed charging pattern is more secure.

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22. Fuzzy Logic Controller-based Synchronverter in Grid-connected Solar Power System with Adaptive Damping Factor^*

Kah Yung Yap, Chee Ming Beh, Charles R. Sarimuthu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (2): 37-49. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000014

摘要（336）

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In recent years, renewable energy sources, specifically solar power systems, have developed rapidly owing to their technological maturity and cost effectiveness. However, its grid integration deteriorates frequency stability because of insufficient rotating masses and inertial response. Hence, a synchronverter, which is an inverter that mimics the operation of a synchronous generator, is crucial to interface solar power in a power grid. It stabilizes the power grid by emulating a virtual inertia. However, a conventional proportional-integral (PI)-based synchronverter is not equipped with an adaptive damping factor (D_p) or a digitalized smart controller to manage fast-responding solar inputs. Hence, a novel fuzzy logic controller (FLC) framework is proposed such that the synchronverter can operate in a grid-connected solar power system. In this study, D_p is controlled in real time using an FLC to achieve balance between speed and stability for frequency error correction based on frequency difference. Results of four case studies performed in Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed FLC-based synchronverter can stabilize the grid frequency by reducing the frequency deviation by at least 0.2 Hz (0.4%), as compared with the conventional PI-based synchronverter.

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23. Vibration Reduction and Torque Improvement of Integral-slot SPM Machines Using PM Harmonic Injection^*

Jinghua Ji, Deyou Liu, Yu Zeng, Tong Liu, Wenxiang Zhao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (4): 41-53. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000028

摘要（173）

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This study aimed to improve the vibration and torque of an integral-slot surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machine by optimizing the shape of the harmonically injected permanent magnet (PM). First, the effect of the third harmonic injected into the sinusoidal PM shape on the electromagnetic performance of a 36-slot/12-pole SPM machine was investigated, including the torque performance and vibration response. It was found that the Sin+3rd harmonic-shaped PM had a contrary effect on the torque and vibration performance of the integral-slot machine, which improved the torque capability but worsened the vibration performance. Second, the response surface model and Barebones multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm based on a trade-off between the average torque and vibration were implemented to determine the optimal harmonic injection. Subsequently, the performances of the optimal Sin+3rd-shaped and eccentric PM machines were compared, showing the excellent torque and vibration performance of the adopted method. Finally, a prototype was manufactured and tested to verify the results of the theoretical analysis.

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24. Fault-tolerant Deadbeat Model Predictive Current Control for a Five-phase PMSM with Improved SVPWM^*

Suleman Saeed, Wenxiang Zhao, Huanan Wang, Tao Tao, Faisal Khan

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (3): 111-123. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000030

摘要（475）

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The main drawbacks of traditional finite set model predictive control are high computational load, large torque ripple, and variable switching frequency. A less complex deadbeat (DB) model predictive current control (MPCC) with improved space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) under a single-phase open-circuit fault is proposed. The proposed method predicts the reference voltage vector in the α-β subspace by employing the deadbeat control principle on the machine predictive model; thus, the exhaustive exploration procedure is avoided to relieve the computational load. To perform the constant switching frequency operation and achieve better steady-state performance, a modified SVPWM strategy is developed with the same conventional structure, which modulates the reference voltage vector. This new approach is based on a redesigned and adjusted post-fault virtual voltage vector space distribution that eliminates the y-axis harmonic components in the x-y subspace and ensures the generation of symmetrical PWM pulses. Meanwhile, the combined merits of the DB, MPCC, and SVPWM methods are realized. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, comparative experiments are performed on a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system.

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25. Accurate 3D Thermal Network Development for Direct-drive Outer-rotor Hybrid-PM Flux-switching Generator

Ali Zarghani, Mohammad Farahzadi, Aghil Ghaheri, Karim Abbaszadeh

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 80-92. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000059

摘要（285）

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Heat and thermal problems are major obstacles to achieving high power density in compact permanent magnet (PM) topologies. Consequently, a comprehensive, accurate, and rapid temperature rise estimation method is required for novel electric machines to ensure safe and reliable operations. A unique three-dimensional (3D) lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) is presented for accurate thermal modeling of a newly developed outer-rotor hybrid-PM flux switching generator (OR-HPMFSG) for direct-drive applications. First, the losses of the OR-HPMFSG are calculated using 3D finite element analysis (FEA). Subsequently, all machine components considering the thermal contact resistance, anisotropic thermal conductivity of materials, and various heat flow paths are comprehensively modeled based on the thermal resistances. In the proposed 3-D LPTN, internal nodes are considered to predict the average temperature as well as the hot spots of all active and passive components. Experimental measurements are performed on a prototype OR-HPMFSG to validate the efficiency of the 3-D LPTN. A comparison of the results at various operating points between the developed 3-D LPTN, experimental test, and FEA indicates that the 3-D LPTN quickly approximates the hotspot and mean temperature of all components under both transient and steady states with high accuracy.

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26. Optimized Controller Gains Using Grey Wolf Algorithm for Grid Tied Solar Power Generation with Improved Dynamics and Power Quality

Veramalla Rajagopal, Danthurthi Sharath, Gundeboina Vishwas, Jampana Bangarraju, Sabha Raj Arya, Challa Venkatesh

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (2): 75-85. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000016

摘要（406）

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This study proposes a control algorithm based on synchronous reference frame theory with unit templates instead of a phase locked loop for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar system, comprising solar PV panels, DC-DC converter, controller for maximum power point tracking, resistance capacitance ripple filter, insulated-gate bipolar transistor based controller, interfacing inductor, linear and nonlinear loads. The dynamic performance of the grid connected solar system depends on the effect operation of the control algorithm, comprising two proportional-integral controllers. These controllers estimate the reference solar-grid currents, which in turn generate pulses for the three-leg voltage source converter. The grey wolf optimization algorithm is used to optimize the controller gains of the proportional-integral controllers, resulting in excellent performance compared to that of existing optimization algorithms. The compensation for neutral current is provided by a star-delta transformer (non-isolated), and the proposed solar PV grid system provides zero voltage regulation and eliminates harmonics, in addition to load balancing. Maximum power extraction from the solar panel is achieved using the incremental conductance algorithm for the DC-DC converter supplying solar power to the DC bus capacitor, which in turn supplies this power to the grid with improved dynamics and quality. The solar system along with the control algorithm and controller is modeled using Simulink in Matlab 2019.

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27. Electromagnetic Radiation Mechanism Analysis and Field Strength Prediction of an Elementary Digital Inverter with Cables^*

Junping He, Xin Li, Sili Tao, Lingling Cao, Xi Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (3): 37-48. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000024

摘要（221）

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In this paper, common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) far-field radiation models of a typical digital inverter with cables are built up to predict electromagnetic field strength and analyze field characteristics. The CM current model and its analyses are based on the imbalance difference method. It is found out that the voltage between the drain and the source electrodes of upper transistor is the key equivalent source of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Far-field radiation strength of the digital inverter in free space is predicted by using the asymmetrical antenna radiation method and current loop radiation method. The accuracy of these methods is verified by the CST electromagnetic simulation results in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 400 MHz. Furthermore, the radiation models are improved by using the mirror method, which enables to include the reflection effect of the metal ground plane at the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test site. Both the results of measurements in a semi-anechoic chamber and the simulation results confirm the proposed electromagnetic radiation prediction method.

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28. Current Status and Development Tendency of Wearable Cardiac Health Monitoring^*

Yifeng Wang, Zheng Zhao, Jiangtao Li

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 71-92. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000016

摘要（233）

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Wearable cardiac monitoring devices can provide uninterrupted monitoring of cardiac activities over a long period of time. They have developed rapidly in recent years in terms of convenience, comfort, and intelligence. Aided by the development of sensor and materials technology, big data and artificial intelligence, wearable cardiac monitoring can become a crucial basis for novel medical models in the future. Herein, the basic concepts and representative devices of wearable cardiac monitoring are first introduced. Subsequently, its core technologies and the latest representative research progress in physiology signal sensing, signal quality enhancement, and signal reliability are systematically reviewed. Finally, an insight and outlook on the future development trends and challenges of wearable cardiac monitoring are discussed.

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29. Evaluation of Waste Heat Recovery of Electrical Powertrain with Electro-thermally Coupled Models for Electric Vehicle Applications^*

Xiao Chen, Jiabin Wang, Antonio Griffo, Liang Chen

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2021, 7 (3): 88-99. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000028

摘要（396）

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The mile range of an electric vehicle (EV) may be reduced significantly in cold weather owing to the energy demand for meeting thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin, as waste heat from a combustion engine is not available for this purpose. Various heat pump-based heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can be employed to absorb the heat energy from the surroundings and/or the waste heat from the electrical powertrain to facilitate cabin thermal comfort, thereby extending the EV mile range. However, there is a lack of research on the electro-thermally coupled modelling and evaluation of the thermal performance of HVAC systems. This paper proposes electro-thermally coupled models for the electrical machine and inverter by modelling the key electromagnetic quantities as functions of the torque and speed based on offline parameter extraction from two-dimensional electromagnetic finite element analysis. The proposed electro-thermally coupled models, which are computationally efficient, are integrated into HVAC thermofluid simulation. Comparative studies of three heat pump-based HVAC architectures (conventional ambient heat only, waste heat only, and dual heat source) are performed using the proposed electro-thermally coupled models. The dual heat source HVAC architecture exhibits superior thermal performance over its counterparts in cold weather conditions.

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30. Defect Detection in c-Si Photovoltaic Modules via Transient Thermography and Deconvolution Optimization^*

Zekai Shen, Hanqi Dai, Hongwei Mei, Yanxin Tu, Liming Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (1): 3-11. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000043

摘要（313）

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Defects may occur in photovoltaic (PV) modules during production and long-term use, thereby threatening the safe operation of PV power stations. Transient thermography is a promising defect detection technology; however, its detection is limited by transverse thermal diffusion. This phenomenon is particularly noteworthy in the panel glasses of PV modules. A dynamic thermography testing method via transient thermography and Wiener filtering deconvolution optimization is proposed. Based on the time-varying characteristics of the point spread function, the selection rules of the first-order difference image for deconvolution are given. Samples with a broken grid and artificial cracks were tested to validate the performance of the optimization method. Compared with the feature images generated by traditional methods, the proposed method significantly improved the visual quality. Quantitative defect size detection can be realized by combining the deconvolution optimization method with adaptive threshold segmentation. For the same batch of PV products, the detection error could be controlled to within 10%.

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31. Analytical Solution of a Fractional-slot Double-layer-winding Open-slot Vernier Permanent Magnet Machine with Tooth Tips

Weibing Wang, Ming Cheng

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 44-58. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000057

摘要（280）

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An analytical solution (ANA) for a fractional-slot double-layer-winding open-slot vernier permanent magnet (VPM) machine with tooth tips is presented. Magnetic vector potential equations are analytically solved using the technique of variable separation in four subdomains in a two-dimensional polar coordinate system. Based on the solved magnetic vector potential, the flux density distribution, torque, flux linkage, inductance, electromotive force (EMF) and power factor are analytically developed. An 18-slot/32-rotor-pole prototype is analyzed, and the results match well with the finite element analysis (FEA), which validates that the ANA consumes less time than FEA. Therefore, the tooth tips are optimized using the ANA to improve the average torque. Moreover, the ANA can be used to evaluate the demagnetization withstand capabilities of permanent magnets. The material utilization, slot-filling factor, EMF, and torque are compared between the models with three and four subdomains. Finally, an experimental prototype is constructed and tested, and the results validate the ANA.

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32. Black-box Modeling of Converters in Renewable Energy Systems for EMC Assessment: Overview and Discussion of Available Models^*

Lu Wan, Abduselam H. Beshir, Xinglong Wu, Xiaokang Liu, Flavia Grassi, Giordano Spadacini, Sergio A. Pignari

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (2): 13-28. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000011

摘要（343）

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The development of renewable energy systems interfaced with the grid by power electronic converters leads to increasing issues of electromagnetic coexistence between power and communication lines, as well as severe power quality issues, such as total harmonic distortion at the consumer side. Therefore, high-frequency modeling of renewable energy systems is of great importance to guide the design and development of distribution networks involving renewable sources. Owing to system complexity, black-box modeling approaches offer more advantages than traditional circuit modeling, as far as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis and filter design are the targets. In this study, different black-box modeling techniques for power converters are introduced and systematically analyzed. First, the general theory of black-box modeling is explained. Subsequently, three different modeling approaches are compared in terms of accuracy and the required experimental setup. Finally, the possible limitations of black-box modeling of power converters are investigated and discussed.

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33. Transient Characteristics and Quantitative Analysis of Electromotive Force for DFIG-based Wind Turbines during Grid Faults^*

Yumei Ma, Donghai Zhu, Xudong Zou, Yong Kang, Josep M. Guerrero

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (2): 3-12. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000010

摘要（446）

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For doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines (WTs), various advanced control schemes have been proposed to achieve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability, whose parameters design is significantly reliant on the rotor electromotive force (EMF) of DFIG-based WTs. However, the influence of the rotor current on EMF is usually ignored in existing studies, which cannot fully reflect the transient characteristics of EMF. To tackle with this issue, this study presents a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of EMF during grid faults considering various control modes. First, the DFIG model under grid faults is established. Subsequently, the transient characteristics of EMF are analyzed under different control modes (that is, rotor open-circuit and connected to converter). Furthermore, the EMF transient eigenvolumes (that is, accessorial resistance item, transient decay time constant, and frequency offset) are quantitatively analyzed with the typical parameters of MW-level DFIG-based WT. The analysis results contribute to the design of the LVRT control scheme. Finally, the analysis is validated by the hardware-in-the-loop experiments.

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34. Reduced Model of Droop-controlled Converters for Transient Simulation Analysis^*

Yingjie Tan, Yang Shen, Min Xu, Chao Shen, Jinyong Lei

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (3): 112-122. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000030

摘要（167）

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In recent years, the transient stability problems encountered by power grids have increasingly attracted interest due to the connection of renewable energy resources. One of the effective methods for studying the transient characteristics of a system is transient simulation analysis. To reduce the simulation time, especially in a system with numerous renewable energy resources, model reduction has been widely employed. However, when a general reduced model is adopted to analyze different transient characteristics, a tradeoff between accuracy and simulation speed emerges. In this study, reduced model selection is implemented to resolve this problem. Considering the droop-controlled converter as an example, this approach allows the transient simulation analysis of voltage, frequency, and power angle characteristics. First, a full-order model of the droop-controlled inverter is formulated. Thereafter, the singular perturbation method is applied to derive different reduced-order models. Then, considering accuracy and simulation speed simultaneously, the most suitable reduced models for transient angle, voltage, and frequency simulation analyses are determined through time-domain simulation comparison. Finally, the simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink are used to verify the correctness of the reduced model selection.

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35. Design Optimization and Comparison of Linear Magnetic Actuators under Different Topologies^*

Zhijian Ling, Jinghua Ji, Tao Zeng, Wenxiang Zhao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2020, 6 (1): 41-51. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2020.000003

摘要（316）

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In this study, several types of linear actuators that adopt different permanent-magnet (PM) topologies are studied and compared. These linear actuators are based on the concept of PM magnetic screw transmission, which offers high force density, high reliability, and overload protection. Using different magnetic configurations and assembly methods, these linear actuators are designed and optimized for a fair comparison. Initially, based on the operating principle and maximum thrust force, the surface-mounted magnetic screw is described and optimized. Furthermore, the embedded magnetic screw, Halbach array magnetic screw, and field modulated magnetic screw are investigated and compared. Their electromagnetic performances, such as thrust force, torque, magnetic losses, and demagnetization effects are analytically assessed and verified using finite-element analysis. Finally, a prototype of the surface-mounted magnetic screw is developed to validate the predictions.

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36. Wind Power Probability Density Prediction Based on Quantile Regression Model of Dilated Causal Convolutional Neural Network^*

Yunhao Yang, Heng Zhang, Shurong Peng, Sheng Su, Bin Li

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2023, 9 (1): 120-128. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000001

摘要（229）

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Aiming at the wind power prediction problem, a wind power probability prediction method based on the quantile regression of a dilated causal convolutional neural network is proposed. With the developed model, the Adam stochastic gradient descent technique is utilized to solve the cavity parameters of the causal convolutional neural network under different quantile conditions and obtain the probability density distribution of wind power at various times within the following 200 hours. The presented method can obtain more useful information than conventional point and interval predictions. Moreover, a prediction of the future complete probability distribution of wind power can be realized. According to the actual data forecast of wind power in the PJM network in the United States, the proposed probability density prediction approach can not only obtain more accurate point prediction results, it also obtains the complete probability density curve prediction results for wind power. Compared with two other quantile regression methods, the developed technique can achieve a higher accuracy and smaller prediction interval range under the same confidence level.

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37. Analysis of Vibration and Noise of Induction Motor Equipped with Concentric Single-Double-Layer Star-Delta Winding^*

Zechen Li, Chong Di, Xiaohua Bao

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2019, 5 (1): 36-46.

摘要（233）

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Compared with changing the structure of a motor that has been manufactured, changing the type of stator winding is an economical and time-saving method to reduce the vibration and noise. Thus, a concentric single-double-layer star-delta (CSDLSD) winding for an induction motor is described in this paper with the aim of reducing the noise of the motor. By planning the turns relationship between the two parts of the winding, the harmonic component of the air-gap magnetic field can be decreased. Besides this, through adjusting the turns ratio in each slot of concentric winding per phase respectively, the waveform of the air-gap magnetic field becomes closer to a sinusoidal type. Three motors equipped with the CSDLSD winding and another two types of stator winding were analyzed. The theoretical analysis and the two-dimensional finite element method (2D-FEM) were combined to study the relationship between the harmonics of the air-gap magnetic field and the stator winding. Finally, a 2D fast Fourier transformation (2D-FFT) method was used to obtain the time-frequency spectrum of the air-gap flux density and electromagnetic excitation force, and compared with a natural vibration wave. The noise distribution was obtained using the harmonic response. The results of the theoretical analysis, 2D-FEM, 2D-FFT, and harmonic response corroborate each other such that the motor applying CSDLSD winding could reduce both the vibration and noise.

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38. Modular Design Method for Motor Drives

Dong Jiang, Puqi Ning, Rixin Lai, Zhihao Fang, Fred Wang

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2018, 4 (1): 1-10.

摘要（157）

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This paper introduces the concept of modular design methodology for hardware design and development of motor drives. The modular design process is first introduced separating the hardware development into three parts: controller, mother board and phase-leg module. The control and circuit function can be decoupled from the phase-leg module development. The hardware update can be simplified with the phase-leg module development and verification. Two design examples are used to demonstrate this method: a DC-fed motor drive with Si IGBTs and an AC-fed motor drive with SiC devices. Design of DC-fed motor drive aims at developing the converter with customized IGBT package for high temperature. Experience with development of the converter with commercial IGBTs simplifies the process. As the AC-fed motor drive is a more complex topology using more advanced devices, the modular design method can simplify and improve the development especially for new packaged devices. Also, the modular design method can help to study the electromagnetic interference (EMI) issue for motor drives, which is presented with an extra design example.

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39. Frequency-selective Optimization of Periodic Gate Control Signals in DC/DC Converters for EMI-reduction

Caroline Krause, Stephan Frei

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2022, 8 (4): 11-18. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2022.000034

摘要（248）

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High-frequency switching of power transistors in power electronic systems can cause electromagnetic emissions. Simple approaches for reducing high-frequency disturbances, such as inserting an additional gate resistor, lead to increased power losses. This makes achieving both electromagnetic compatibility and power efficiency difficult. Active gate drivers help to find a trade-off between these two. Typically, only narrow-band disturbances must be reduced. Accordingly, a target signal with a spectrum notched at some frequencies can be defined. The target signal can be reached by a target-signal-oriented control of the transistor's gate. This leads to steeper switching slopes, such that the power losses are less increased. Generating arbitrary target signals is impossible. The transistor signal exhibits some physical limitations. A constraint satisfaction problem must be solved, and the gate drive signal must be optimized by applying a residual and Newton's method. The proposed optimization process in the frequency domain is based on the circuit simulation method named “harmonic balance”. Measurements on a DC/DC converter exhibit the benefits of this method.

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40. Investigation of Eccentric PM on High-frequency Vibration in FSCW PM Machine Considering Force Modulation Effect^*

Jinghua Ji, Weizhi Jiang, Wenxiang Zhao, Tong Liu

中国电气工程学报（英文） 2024, 10 (2): 59-69. DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000063

摘要（303）

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This study investigates the negative influence of an eccentric permanent-magnet (PM) design on high-frequency electromagnetic vibration in fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) PM machines. First, an analytical expression for the sideband current harmonics was derived using the double Fourier series expansion method. Then, the characteristics of the flux-density harmonics are studied from the perspective of the space-time distribution and initial phase relationship. The influence of the eccentric PM design on high-frequency electromagnetic and concentrated forces was studied based on the electromagnetic force modulation effect. Consequently, an eccentric PM design is not conducive to reducing the 2p^th-order high-frequency electromagnetic forces. Finally, two FSCW PM machines with conventional and eccentric PM designs are manufactured and tested to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that the eccentric PM design worsens high-frequency vibrations.

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