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Special Issue on Advanced Electric Machines and Drives for Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles


Guest Editors: Ming Cheng, Southeast University, China
                     Peng Han, Ansys, Inc.,USA
                     Zhongze Wu, Southeast University, China

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Analytical Analysis and Performance Characterization of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Machines Based on General Air-gap Field Modulation Theory* Peng Han, Ming Cheng, Xinkai Zhu, Zhe Chen Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 4-19.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000021 Abstract （688）      PDF       Knowledge map    Air-gap magnetic field modulation has been widely observed in electric machines. In this study, we present an analytical analysis and performance characterization of brushless doubly fed induction machines (BDFIMs) fed by two independent converters from the perspective of air-gap field modulation. The spiral-loop winding is studied in detail as an example to show the generalized workflow that can also be used to analyze other short-circuited rotor winding types, such as nested-loop and multiphase double-layer windings. Magnetic field conversion factors are introduced to characterize the modulation behavior of special rotor windings and facilitate their comparison in terms of cross-coupling capability, average torque, and harmonic content of the air-gap flux density waveforms. The stator magnetomotive force (MMF), rotor MMF, and resultant air-gap MMF are considered, based on which the closed-form inductance formulas are derived, and the torque equation is obtained along with the optimal current angle for maximum torque operation by using the virtual work principle. The design equations are then developed for the initial sizing and geometry scaling of the BDFIMs. Transient finite element analysis and experimental measurements are performed to validate the analysis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-objective Optimization Design of Inset-surface Permanent Magnet Machine Considering Deterministic and Robust Performances* Gaohong Xu, Zexin Jia, Wenxiang Zhao, Qian Chen, Guohai Liu Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 73-87.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000027 Abstract （565）      PDF       Knowledge map    The inset-surface permanent magnet (ISPM) machine can achieve the desired electromagnetic performance according to the traditional deterministic design. However, the reliability and quality of the machine may be affected by the essential manufacturing tolerances and unavoidable noise factors in mass production. To address this weakness, a comprehensive multi-objective optimization design method is proposed, in which robust optimization is performed after the deterministic design. The response surface method is first adopted to establish the optimization objective equation. Afterward, the sample points are obtained via Monte Carlo simulation considering the design-variable uncertainty. The Design for Six Sigma approach is adopted to ensure the robustness of the design model. Furthermore, the barebones multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a compromise solution. A prototype is manufactured to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. According to the finite-element analysis and experimental tests, the electromagnetic performance and reliability of the machine are significantly enhanced with the proposed method. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fault-tolerant Deadbeat Model Predictive Current Control for a Five-phase PMSM with Improved SVPWM* Suleman Saeed, Wenxiang Zhao, Huanan Wang, Tao Tao, Faisal Khan Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 111-123.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000030 Abstract （475）      PDF       Knowledge map    The main drawbacks of traditional finite set model predictive control are high computational load, large torque ripple, and variable switching frequency. A less complex deadbeat (DB) model predictive current control (MPCC) with improved space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) under a single-phase open-circuit fault is proposed. The proposed method predicts the reference voltage vector in the α-β subspace by employing the deadbeat control principle on the machine predictive model; thus, the exhaustive exploration procedure is avoided to relieve the computational load. To perform the constant switching frequency operation and achieve better steady-state performance, a modified SVPWM strategy is developed with the same conventional structure, which modulates the reference voltage vector. This new approach is based on a redesigned and adjusted post-fault virtual voltage vector space distribution that eliminates the y-axis harmonic components in the x-y subspace and ensures the generation of symmetrical PWM pulses. Meanwhile, the combined merits of the DB, MPCC, and SVPWM methods are realized. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, comparative experiments are performed on a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Waste Heat Recovery of Electrical Powertrain with Electro-thermally Coupled Models for Electric Vehicle Applications* Xiao Chen, Jiabin Wang, Antonio Griffo, Liang Chen Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 88-99.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000028 Abstract （396）      PDF       Knowledge map    The mile range of an electric vehicle (EV) may be reduced significantly in cold weather owing to the energy demand for meeting thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin, as waste heat from a combustion engine is not available for this purpose. Various heat pump-based heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can be employed to absorb the heat energy from the surroundings and/or the waste heat from the electrical powertrain to facilitate cabin thermal comfort, thereby extending the EV mile range. However, there is a lack of research on the electro-thermally coupled modelling and evaluation of the thermal performance of HVAC systems. This paper proposes electro-thermally coupled models for the electrical machine and inverter by modelling the key electromagnetic quantities as functions of the torque and speed based on offline parameter extraction from two-dimensional electromagnetic finite element analysis. The proposed electro-thermally coupled models, which are computationally efficient, are integrated into HVAC thermofluid simulation. Comparative studies of three heat pump-based HVAC architectures (conventional ambient heat only, waste heat only, and dual heat source) are performed using the proposed electro-thermally coupled models. The dual heat source HVAC architecture exhibits superior thermal performance over its counterparts in cold weather conditions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Open-circuit Fault Diagnosis Method for PMSM Drives Using Symmetrical and DC Components* Wentao Huang, Jiachen Du, Wei Hua, Qigao Fan Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 124-135.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000031 Abstract （364）      PDF       Knowledge map    In this paper, a diagnostic method based on symmetrical and DC components is presented for multiple open-circuit faults (OCFs) in a three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor drive. The remaining phase currents under faulty situations are theoretically analyzed based on the Fourier series method and the mechanism of torque generation. To evaluate the asymmetry and discriminate fault types, the magnitude ratio of the positive sequence to the negative sequence of phase currents is designed as a fault detection index. Thereafter, the DC components of the phase currents in different reference frames are utilized to locate faults. Specifically, the polarities of the DC contents in the natural reference frame are utilized to locate a single OCF and two OCFs in different legs. Two OCFs in the same leg are diagnosed by evaluating the signs of the phase currents in the dq reference frame with a negative rotating direction. The simulated and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the developed method in fault detection and robustness against operating point and motor parameter variations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Rotor Iron Bridge Position on DC-winding-induced Voltage in Wound Field Switched Flux Machine Having Partitioned Stators Zhongze Wu, Z. Q. Zhu, Chao Wang, Wei Hua, Kai Wang, Wentao Zhang Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 20-28.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000022 Abstract （353）      PDF       Knowledge map    In this study, the influence of the position of the rotor iron bridge on the DC-winding-induced voltage pulsation in a partitioned stator wound field switched flux machine is investigated. Analytical and finite element (FE) analyses show that both the open-circuit and on-load DC-winding-induced voltages can be minimized by positioning the rotor iron bridge adjacent to the inner air gap closer to the DC winding. This is due to a smoother inner air-gap magnetic reluctance while maintaining the average electromagnetic torque at 92.59% of the maximum value. The analyzed machine with the rotor iron bridge adjacent to the inner air gap is prototyped, and the experimental results validate the analytical and FE results. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Enhancement of Torque Density in Wound Field Switched Flux Machines with Partitioned Stators Using Assisted Ferrites Zhongze Wu, Z. Q. Zhu, Shun Cai, Wei Hua Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 42-51.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000024 Abstract （329）      PDF       Knowledge map    In this paper, ferrites are applied in a partitioned stator wound field switched flux (PS-WFSF) machine to increase the air-gap flux density, and hence, the average electromagnetic torque and overload capability. Introducing short-circuited ferrites in the inner stator in the PS-WFSF machine can increase the open-circuit phase fundamental back-EMF and average electromagnetic torque at a 60 W copper loss by 2.33% and 3.77%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed PS-WFSF machine with ferrites can exhibit a better overload capability than conventional PS-WFSF machines without ferrites, e.g., a 7.36% torque increment can be achieved when the copper loss is 120 W. The torque increment mechanism is analyzed and verified using finite element (FE) analysis. Moreover, the demagnetization of the ferrites in the proposed machine under rated on-load and overload conditions is investigated. Both prototypes of the proposed PS-WFSF machine with ferrites and a conventional one without ferrite are built and tested to validate the analytical and FE analyses. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Editorial for the Special Issue on Advanced Electric Machines and Drives for Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 1-3.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000020 Abstract （324）      PDF       Knowledge map    Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Optimization of a Slot-PM-assisted Doubly-salient Machine Based on Saturation Assuaging* Yuan Mao, Shuangxia Niu Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 65-72.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000026 Abstract （309）      PDF       Knowledge map    In this study, a novel slot PM-assisted doubly-salient machine (SPMA-DSM) is proposed based on saturation assuaging. In this machine, DC current is adopted as the excitation source. The permanent magnets assembled in slots are used to realize saturation assuaging, which can offer higher torque density and improved overload capability. Additionally, the torque density can be extended to wider scale before saturation. Multi-objective optimization based on differential evolution (DE) coupled with finite element method (FEM) is conducted to further improve the performance of the proposed machine. When compared to traditional flux-controllable machine, the PMAHEM exhibits the merits of: ① higher torque density per PM volume, ② lower torque ripple, and ③ wider flux controllable range. The simulation results indicate that the electromagnetic torque increases by more than 20% after the saturation assuaging design and optimization. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accurate Online MTPA Control of IPMSM Considering Derivative Terms* Riyang Yang, Tianfu Sun, Wei Feng, Shaojia He, Songling Zhu, Xiao Chen Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 100-110.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000029 Abstract （305）      PDF       Knowledge map    The conventional maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) operation usually neglects the derivative terms of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) parameters, which significantly influences MTPA control accuracy. In this study, an MTPA control scheme that considers the derivative terms is developed, and a parameter identification strategy that considers the inverter to be non-ideal is developed for the calculation of the IPMSM parameters and derivative terms. In addition, the estimation accuracy of the motor parameters is further improved through the calibration of the nonlinear factors of the inverter. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is verified by simulation. This paper proposes practical methods for both inverter parameter estimation and accurate online MTPA control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spiral Vector Modeling of Brushless Doubly-fed Induction Machines with Short-circuited Rotor Windings Peng Han, Ming Cheng, Zhiwei Zhang, Peng Peng Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 29-41.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000023 Abstract （296）      PDF       Knowledge map    A unified spiral vector model is presented that can be used to assist the finite element method-based performance analysis of brushless doubly-fed induction machines with various short-circuited rotor windings. Specifically, magnet-free brushless doubly-fed induction machines working in doubly-fed or singly-fed synchronous mode are investigated. A dynamic model in spiral vector notation is developed, based on which the torque-angle and power-angle characteristics are derived. It is shown that the investigated brushless machines are equivalent to a traditional non-salient-pole synchronous machine with brushes. By introducing a conversion factor, they can also be analyzed with methods similar to the conventional phasor theory. A comparison is made between the brushless doubly-fed induction machine and non-salient-pole wound-field synchronous machine with brushes, revealing that the performance of the brushless machine degrades faster when the laminated core is saturated. A scaled-down prototype is tested to validate the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Optimization of a Five-phase Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machine Based on the Consistency and Complementarity Principle* Ming Cheng, Zhiyuan Xu, Minghao Tong, Guishu Zhao Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering    2021, 7 (3): 52-64.   DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2021.000025 Abstract （278）      PDF       Knowledge map    In this study, the general optimal stator poles/rotor teeth (P/T) combination equation of the E-core hybrid excitation flux switching (HEFS) machines are introduced, and a new HEFS machine is proposed and optimized. Firstly, the influences of three different P/T combinations (10/18, 10/19, and 10/21) on the HEFS machines are investigated with two-dimensional (2D) finite element analyses (2D-FEA). Meanwhile, the consistency and complementarity principle of the armature windings is analyzed in detail to give reasonable explanations to the simulated results. The general optimal P/T combination equation of the E-core HEFS machines is deduced mathematically to provide an effective guidance on the selection of P/T combinations. The optimal P/T combination calculated by the general equation agrees with the simulated results which confirm the correctness of the mathematical inferences. Finally, the optimizations on the proposed HEFS machine are implemented to obtain higher output torque and better flux-regulation ratio characteristics based on which the cogging torque and torque ripple are reduced significantly. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics