Overview on Fault-Tolerant Four-Switch Three-Phase Voltage Source Converters

Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering ›› 2017, Vol. 3 ›› Issue (2): 87-101.

Overview on Fault-Tolerant Four-Switch Three-Phase Voltage Source Converters

Kai Ni¹, Yihua Hu¹, Yang Liu^2,*, Chun Gan³

1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK;
2. School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
3. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA

Online:2017-09-25 Published:2019-10-31
Contact: E-mail: l.y96@mail.scut.edu.cn
About author:Kai Ni was born in Jiangsu, China. He received the BEng degree in Electrical Engineering in 2016 from University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at University of Liverpool. His research interests include fault-tolerant operation and control of power electronic converters in doubly-fed induction machines. Yihua Hu received the B.S. degree in electrical motor drives in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree in power electronics and drives in 2011, both from China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu, China. Between 2011 and 2013, he was with the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University as a Postdoctoral Fellow. Between November 2012 and February 2013, he was an academic visiting scholar with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Between 2013 and 2015, he worked as a Research Associate at the power electronics and motor drive group, the University of Strathclyde. Currently, he is a Lecturer at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool (UoL). He has published more than 60 peer reviewed technical papers in leading journals. His research interests include PV generation system, power electronics converters & control, and electrical motor drives. He is the associate editor of IET Power Electronics, IET Renewable Power Generation, and Journal of Power Electronics. Yang Liu was born in Inner Mongolia, and he obtained a B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, China, in 2012. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D degree at the same area in SCUT. His research interests include the areas of power system control and operation, smart grid and renewable energy. Chun Gan received B.S. and M.S. degrees in power electronics and motor drives from China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu, China, in 2009 and 2012, respectively, and Ph.D. degree in power electronics and motor drives from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2016. He is currently a Research Associate with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. He has published more than 30 technical papers in leading journals and conference proceedings, and authored one book chapter. His research interests include high-efficiency power converters, high voltage direct current transmission, micro-grid, electrical motor drives and electrical motor design. Dr. Gan received the 2015 Top Ten Excellent Scholar Award, the 2016 Excellent Ph.D. Graduate, the 2015 Ph.D. National Scholarship, the 2015 Wang Guosong Scholarship, and the 2014 and 2015 Outstanding Ph.D. Candidate in Zhejiang University.

Abstract

Abstract: With the rapid development and widespread applications of power electronic converters, strong fault-tolerant capability of power electronic converters is required since they play important roles in power systems. In this paper, a review of one of the most promising fault-tolerant topologies for semiconductor open-circuit fault, called four-switch three-phase(FSTP) topology, is presented in terms of modeling analysis, modulation techniques, and control strategies. The configuration of FSTP voltage source converter (VSC) is illustrated. To minimize the negative effects caused by the innate drawbacks of this fault-tolerant converter topology, considerable research has been carried out regarding modulation techniques and control strategies. The modulation principle for FSTP topology is explained in detail, since the performance of FSTP VSCs relies on it. This paper aims to illustrate current research progress on this fault-tolerant FSTP VSC topology.

Key words: Fault-tolerant ability, four-switch three-phase(FSTP) topology, voltage source converter (VSC), modeling analysis, modulation techniques, control strategies.

Kai Ni, Yihua Hu, Yang Liu, Chun Gan. Overview on Fault-Tolerant Four-Switch Three-Phase Voltage Source Converters[J]. Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2017, 3(2): 87-101.

References

[1] L. Xu,Y. Wang, "Dynamic modeling and control of DFIGbased wind turbines under unbalanced network conditions," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 314-323, 2007.
[2] Z. Chen, J. M. Guerrero,F. Blaabjerg, "A review of the state of the art of power electronics for wind turbines," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1859-1875, 2009.
[3] Y. Hu, W. Xiao, W. Cao, B. Ji,D. J. Morrow, "Three-port DC-DC converter for stand-alone photovoltaic systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3068-3076, 2015.
[4] M. Saeedifard,R. Iravani, "Dynamic performance of a modular multilevel Back-to-Back HVDC system," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2903-2912, 2010.
[5] Y. Hu, C. Gan, W. Cao, Y. Fang, S. J. Finney,J. Wu, "Solar PV-powered SRM drive for EVs with flexible energy control functions," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 3357-3366, 2016.
[6] F. Z. Peng, H. Li, G. J. Su,J. S. Lawler, "A new ZVS bidirectional DC-DC converter for fuel cell and battery application," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 54-65, 2004.
[7] W. Zhang, D. Xu, P. N. Enjeti, H. Li, J. T. Hawke,H. S. Krishnamoorthy, "Survey on fault-tolerant techniques for power electronic converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6319-6331, 2014.
[8] S. Yang, D. Xiang, A. Bryant, P. Mawby, L. Ran,P. Tavner, "Condition monitoring for device reliability in power electronic converters: a review," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2734-2752, 2010.
[9] C. Gan, J. Wu, Y. Hu, S. Yang, W. Cao,J. M. Guerrero, "New integrated multilevel converter for switched reluctance motor drives in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with flexible energy conversion," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3754-3766, 2017.
[10] W. Zhang, D. Xu, X. Li, R. Xie, H. Li, D. Dong, "Seamless transfer control strategy for fuel cell uninterruptible power supply system," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 717-729, 2013.
[11] Handbook for Robustness Validation of Automotive Electrical/ Electronic Modules. Frankfurt, Germany: ZVEL, 2008.
[12] M. P. Kazmierkowski,L. Malesani, "Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-source PWM converters: a survey," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 691-702, 1998.
[13] M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg,S. Hansen, "Design and control of an LCL-filter-based three-phase active rectifier," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1281-1291, 2005.
[14] P. Duan, K. G. Xie, L. Zhang,X. Rong, "Open-switch fault diagnosis and system reconfiguration of doubly fed wind power converter used in a microgrid," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 816-821, 2011.
[15] N. M. A.Freire, J. O. Estima, and A. J. M. Cardoso, "Open-circuit fault diagnosis in PMSG drives for wind turbine applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3957-3967, 2013.
[16] S. Kwak, "Fault-tolerant structure and modulation strategies with fault detection method for matrix converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1201-1210, 2010.
[17] S. Khwan-on, L. d. Lillo, L. Empringham, and P. Wheeler, "Fault-tolerant matrix converter motor drives with fault detection of open switch faults," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 257-268, 2012.
[18] N. M. A.Freire, J. O. Estima, and A. J. M. Cardoso, "A voltage-based approach without extra hardware for open-circuit fault diagnosis in closed-loop PWM AC regenerative drives," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4960-4970, 2014.
[19] F. Ma, A. Luo, Z. Shuai, C. Tu,Q. Xiong, "Voltage ripple analysis of simplified active power compensator for negative sequence and reactive power compensation," IET Power Electronics, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 2582-2594, 2014.
[20] M. Shahbazi, P. Poure, S. Saadate,M. R. Zolghadri, "FPGA-based reconfigurable control for fault-tolerant Back-to- Back converter without redundancy," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 3360-3371, 2013.
[21] N. M. A.Freire, and A. J. M. Cardoso, "A fault-tolerant direct controlled PMSG drive for wind energy conversion systems," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 821-834, 2014.
[22] N. M. A.Freire, and A. J. M. Cardoso, "Fault-tolerant PMSG drive with reduced DC-Link ratings for wind turbine applications," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 26-34, 2014.
[23] N. M. A.Freire, and A. J. M. Cardoso, "A fault-tolerant PMSG drive for wind turbine applications with minimal increase of the hardware requirements," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 2039-2049, 2014.
[24] A. M. S.Mendes, and A. J. Marques Cardoso, "Fault-tolerant operating strategies applied to three-phase induction-motor drives," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1807-1817, 2006.
[25] H. W. V.D. Broeck and J.D. V. Wyk, "A comparative investigation of a three-phase induction machine drive with a component minimized voltage-fed inverter under different control options," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. IA-20, no. 2, pp. 309-320, 1984.
[26] M. Monfared, H. Rastegar,H. M. Kojabadi, "Overview of modulation techniques for the four-switch converter topology," 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), Johor Baharu, Malaysia, 2008.
[27] G. A. Covic,G. L. Peters, "DC link imbalance compensation in fourswitch inverter AC motor drives," Electronics Letters, vol. 33, no. 13, pp. 1101-1102, 1997.
[28] S. Kazemlou,M. R. Zolghadri, "Direct torque control of four-switch three phase inverter fed induction motor using a modified SVM to compensate DC-link voltage imbalance,"International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems(EPECS '09), 2010.
[29] R. Wang, J. Zhao,Y. Liu, "A comprehensive investigation of four-switch three-phase voltage source inverter based on double fourier integral analysis," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 2774-2787, 2011.
[30] K. Jaehong, H. Jinseok,N. Kwanghee, "A current distortion compensation scheme for four-switch inverters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1032-1040, 2009.
[31] F. Blaabjerg, D. O. Neacsu,J. K. Pedersen, "Adaptive SVM to compensate DC-Link voltage ripple for four-switch three-phase voltage-source inverters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 743-752, 1999.
[32] G. L. Peters, G. A. Covic,J. T. Boys, "Eliminating output distortion in four-switch inverters with three-phase loads," IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 326-332, 1998.
[33] F. Blaabjerg, S. Freysson, H. H. Hansen,S. Hansen, "A new optimized space-vector modulation strategy for a componentminimized voltage source inverter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 704-714, 1997.
[34] G. A. Covic,G. L. Peters, "DC link imbalance compensation in four-switch inverter AC motor drives," Electronics Letters, vol. 33, no. 13, pp. 1101-1102, 1997.
[35] J. J. Shieh, C. T. Pan,Z. J. Cuey, "Modelling and design of a reversible three-phase switching mode rectifier," IEE Proc- Electr. Power Appl., vol. 144, no. 6, pp. 389-396, 1997.
[36] T. S.Lee and J. H. Liu, "Modeling and control of a three-phase four-switch PWM voltage-source rectifier in d-q synchronous frame," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2476-2489, 2011.
[37] Z. Zeng, W. Zheng, R. Zhao, C. Zhu,Q. Yuan, "Modeling, modulation and control of the three-phase four-switch PWM rectifier under balanced voltage," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 4892-4905, 2015.
[38] M. B. de Rossiter Correa, C. B. Jacobina, E. R. C. da Silva, and A. M. N. Lima, "A general PWM strategy for four-switch three-phase inverters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1618-1627, 2006.
[39] Y. C. Liu, X. L. Ge, J. Zhang,X. Y. Feng, "General SVPWM strategy for three different four-switch three-phase inverters," Electronics Letters, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 357-359, 2015.
[40] P. Q. Dzung, L. M. Phuong, P. Q. Vinh, N. M. Hoang,T. C. Binh, "New space vector control approach for four switch three phase inverter(FSTPI),"7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2007.
[41] T. D. Nguyen, H. M. Nguyen,H. H. Lee, "An adaptive carrier-based PWM method for four-switch three-phase inverter," IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISlE 2009), Seoul, Korea, 2009.
[42] H. H. Lee, P. Q. Dzung, L. D. Khoa,L. M. Phuong, "Dynamic adaptive space vector PWM for four switch three phase inverter fed induction motor with compensation of DC ?link voltage ripple,"International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2009.
[43] Q. T. An, L. Sun, K. Zhao,T. M. Jahns, "Scalar PWM algorithms for four-switch three-phase inverters," Electronics Letters, vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 900-902, 2010.
[44] W. Zhou,D. Sun, "Adaptive PWM for four-switch three-phase inverter," Electronics Letters, vol. 51, no. 21, pp. 1690-1692, 2015.
[45] W. Zhou, D. Sun, M. Chen,B. Lin, "Simplified PWM for fault tolerant control of open winding PMSM fed by hybrid inverter,"IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015.
[46] H. W. V.D. Broeck and H. C. Skudelny, "Analytical analysis of the harmonic effects of a PWM AC drive," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 216-223, 1988.
[47] J. Klima, "Time and frequency domain analysis of fault-tolerant space vector PWM VSI-fed induction motor drive," IEE Proc. Electric Power Appl., vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 765-774, 2005.
[48] J. Klima, "Analytical investigation of an induction motor fed from four-switch VSI with a new space vector modulation strategy," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 832-838, 2006.
[49] Z. Zeng, W. Zheng, R. Zhao, C. Zhu,Q. Yuan, "The comprehensive design and optimization of the post-fault grid-connected three-phase PWM rectifier," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 1629-1642, 2016.
[50] Z. Zeng, W. Zheng,R. Zhao, "Space-vector-based hybrid PWM strategy for reduced DC-Link capacitor current stress in the post-fault grid-connected three-phase rectifier," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 4989-5000, 2016.
[51] Z. Zeng, W. Zheng,R. Zhao, "Performance analysis of the zero-voltage vector distribution in three-phase four-switch converter using a space vector approach," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 260-273, 2017.
[52] T. H. Liu, J. R. Fu,T. A. Lipo, "A strategy for improving reliability of field-oriented controlled induction motor drives," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 910-918, 1993.
[53] M. B. d. R. Corrêa, C. B. Jacobina, E. R. C. d. Silva, and A. M. N. Lima, "An induction motor drive system with improved fault tolerance," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 873-879, 2001.
[54] M. Azab,and A. L. Orille, "Novel flux and torque control of induction motor drive using four switch three phase inverter," The 27th IEEE Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society (IECON'01), 2001.
[55] D. C. Lee,Y. S. Kim, "Control of single-phase-tothree- phase AC/DC/AC PWM converters for induction motor drives," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 797-804, Apr. 2007.
[56] Y. Hu, L. Zhang, W. Huang,F. Bu, "A fault-tolerant induction generator system based on instantaneous torque control(ITC)," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 412-421, 2010.
[57] B. El Badsi, B. Bouzidi,A. Masmoudi, "DTC scheme for a four-switch inverter-fed induction motor emulating the six-switch inverter operation," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 3528-3538, 2013.
[58] M. S. Zaky,M. K. Metwaly, "A performance investigation of a four-switch three-phase inverter-fed IM drives at low speeds using fuzzy logic and PI controllers," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3741-3753, 2017.
[59] A. Izanlo, S. A. Gholamian,M. V. Kazemi, "A new DPC method for single VSC based DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage condition," The Drive Systems & Technologies Conference, Tehran, Iran, 2016.
[60] D. Zhou, J. Zhao,Y. Liu, "Predictive torque control scheme for three-phase four-switch inverter-fed induction motor drives with DC-link voltages offset suppression," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3309-3318, 2015.
[61] D. Zhou, J. Zhao,Y. Liu, "Online tuning of weighting factors based on sugeno fuzzy method in predictive torque control of four-switch three-phase inverter-fed 1M,"The International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2016.
[62] D. Zhou, J. Zhao,Y. Liu, "Independent control scheme for nonredundant two-leg fault-tolerant back-to-back converter-fed induction motor drives," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 6790-6800, 2016.
[63] D. Zhou, Y. Li, J. Zhao, F. Wu,H. Luo, "An embedded closed-loop fault-tolerant control scheme for nonredundant VSI-fed induction motor drives," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3731-3740, 2017.
[64] W. Sae-Kok, D. M. Grant,B. W. Williams, "System reconfiguration under open-switch faults in a doubly fed induction machine," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 458-470, 2010.
[65] B. K. Lee, T. H. Kim,M. Ehsani, "On the feasibility of four-switch three-phase BLDC motor drives for low cost commercial applications:topology and control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 164-172, 2003.
[66] C. T. Lin, C. W. Hung,C. W. Liu, "Position sensorless control for four-switch three-phase brushless DC motor drives," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 438-444, 2008.
[67] A. H. Niasar, A. Vahedi,H. Moghbelli, "A novel position sensorless control of a four-switch, brushless DC motor drive without phase shifter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 3079-3087, 2008.
[68] S. B. Ozturk, W. C. Alexander,H. A. Toliyat, "Direct torque control of four-switch brushless DC motor with non-sinusoidal back EMF," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 263-271, 2010.
[69] K. D. Hoang, Z. Q. Zhu,M. P. Foster, "Influence and compensation of inverter voltage drop in direct torque-controlled four-switch three-phase PM brushless AC drives," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 2343-2357, 2011.
[70] M. Masmoudi, B. El Badsi,A. Masmoudi, "DTC of B4-Inverter-fed BLDC motor drives with reduced torque ripple during sector-to-sector commutations," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 4855-4865, 2014.
[71] C. Xia, Z. Li,T. Shi, "A control strategy for four-switch three-phase brushless DC motor using single current sensor," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 2058-2066, 2009.
[72] C. Xia, D. Wu, T. Shi,W. Chen, "A current control scheme of brushless DC motors driven by four-switch three-phase inverters," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 547-558, 2017.
[73] M. N. Uddin, T. S. Radwan,M. A. Rahman, "Fuzzylogic- controller-based cost-effective four-switch three-phase inverter-fed IPM synchronous motor drive system," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 21-30, 2006.
[74] D. Sun, Y. He, Z. He and Y. Guan, "Four-switch inverter fed PMSM DTC with SVM approach for fault tolerant operation,"The IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, 2007.
[75] C. Zhu, R. Zhao,Z. Zeng, "Adaptive suppression method for DC-link voltage offset in three-phase four-switch inverter-fed PMSM drives," Electronics Letters, vol. 52, no. 17, pp. 1442-1444, 2016.
[76] Y. K. Lo, H. J. Chiu,W. T. Li, "A reduced hysteresis controller for a four-switch three-phase bidirectional power electronics interface," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 864-866, 1999.
[77] G. Joos, S. Chen,K. Haddad, "Four switch three phase active filter with reduced current sensors,"IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, No.00CH37018, 2000.
[78] W. Wang, T. M. Chau, L. Fang, Z. Li, X. Xu,A. Luo, "Space vector pulse-width modulation algorithm and DC-side voltage control strategy of three-phase four-switch active power filters," IET Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 125-135, 2013.
[79] X. Tan, Q. Li, S. Han, H. Wang,L. Cao, "Variable parameter pulse width modulation-based current tracking technology applied to four-switch three-phase shunt active power filter," IET Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 543-553, 2013.
[80] Z. Luo, Z. Lin, W. Zhang, M. Su,Y. Sun, "Analysis and control of a reduced switch hybrid active power filter," IET Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1416-1425, 2016.
[81] S. Biricik,H. Komurcugil, "Three-level hysteresis current control strategy for three-phase four-switch shunt active filters," IET Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1732-1740, 2016.
[82] G. T. Kim,T. A. Lipo, "VSI-PWM rectified inverter system with a reduced switch count," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1331-1337, 1996.
[83] J. M. Erdman, R. J. Kerkman, D. W. Schlegel,G. L. Skibinski, "Effect of PWM inverters on AC motor bearing currents and shaft voltages," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 250-259, 1996.
[84] A. V. Jouanne,H. Zhang, "A dual-bridge inverter approach to eliminating common-mode voltages and bearing and leakage currents," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 43-48, 1999.
[85] H. Zhang, A. V. Jouanne,S. Dai, "A reduced-switch dualbridge inverter topology for the mitigation of bearing currents, EMI, and DC-link voltage variations," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1365-1372, 2001.
[86] Z. Zeng, C. Zhu, X. Jin, W. Shi,R. Zhao, "Hybrid space vector modulation strategy for torque ripple minimization in three-phase four-switch inverter-fed PMSM drives," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 2122-2134, 2017.
[87] C. Zhu, Z. Zeng,R. Zhao, "Comprehensive analysis and reduction of torque ripples in three-phase four-switch inverterfed PMSM drives using space vector pulse-width modulation," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 5411-5424, 2017.